An Apology Letter Essay

The electron microscope was first created in 1933 and magnified up to a million times. First electron microscope was a transmission. It used electrons to recreate an image. Scanning electron microscope developed later, it uses a beam of particles to scan across specimen to recreate image of its surface. They are used for the viewing of biological and inorganic species. Electron microscope has higher resolution than light microscope allowing higher magnification. Light microscope has limited magnification as there is a physical limit imposed by photons. The stereomicroscope has low level of magnification, but gives 3-D view. Electron microscopes give a view of structures that would not normally be visible by optical microscopy. Bonus to light microscopes is that it is possible to view living cells, in the electron microscope the specimen must be dry so it is not possible to observe the living. Anti-body viruses were first observed by electron microscope in 1941. Electron tomography ha s demonstrated the structure of viruses. Had discovers with cell ultrastructure’s and individual atoms have been observed. It has viewed nerve and muscle cells and various pollen has been observed. The compound light microscope or optical microscope is a piece of technology that uses light and magnifying lenses to observe small objects which cannot be seen by the naked eye. The ingenious theory behind light and magnification combined; forms a complex enhancement of specimen identification/observation. Light microscopes enable more opportunities for knowledge in biology, research, and material science. The light microscope can magnify up to a whopping 1,500 times! Therefore the specimen has to be small enough for light to pass through it and it displays a 2D view of the specimen. The compound light microscope is able to have one eyepiece (monocular) or two eyepieces (binocular) to look through. Light microscopes were used to discover a very important specimen. They were used to discover cells such as blood cells. The stereo microscope is known as the optical microscope. It has low magnification. It reflects light off the specimen, it has two separate optical paths and is used to study solid specimens. The primary use for the stereomicroscope is looking at large and solid surfaces or specimens. The microscope allows for detailed work such as microsurgery, watch making and circuit board manufacturing. When Robert Hooke published his book Micrographia in 1665 it became a best seller. Hooke had made one of the first microscopes. With it, he observed many types of living things and  made accurate drawings of what he saw, as his detailed picture of the flea shows (Figure 1.4). Hooke’s most famous achievement, as far as science was concerned, was his diagram of very thin slices of cork (Figure 1.5). He was surprised to see that, under the microscope, the cork looked like a piece of honeycomb. He described the ‘holes’ and their boundaries in the ‘honeycomb’ as cells because they reminded him of the rooms in a monastery. Hooke had discovered plant cells. Although some called Micrographia ‘the most ingenious book ever’, others ridiculed Hooke for spending so much time and money on ‘trifling pursuits’. Thankfully for us, and for the whole science of microbiology, which developed from this discovery of cells, Hooke ignored the taunts and kept experimenting with microscopes. It was because of Hooke’s important contribution to microbiology that other scientists went on to develop a further understanding of cells. Cell theory describes the main ideas about the importance of cells and their role in living things. It was first proposed in 1839 by two German biologists, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden. In 1858, Rudolf Virchow concluded the final part of the classic cell theory. The combined cell theory included the following three principles: all organisms are composed of one or more cells cells are the basic unit of life and structure new cells are created from existing cells. Any living thing that has more than one cell is referred to as multicellular, but there are many living things, such as bacteria, that consist of only one cell! These are called single-celled or unicellular organisms. Micro-organisms are often referred to as microbes. You probably know people who wear glasses to help them read. The glass or plastic lenses magnify the size of the text. In the same way, microscopes magnify the size of the object placed under them. The first microscopes were very basic. However, over time their magnifying ability has improved. Scientists can now look at images that have been magnified thousands of times using various systems of lenses. This makes it possible to study the structure of cells. The stereomicroscope is used for viewing larger objects, such as insects (Figure 1.15). It can magnify up to 200 times and shows a three-dimensional view of  small things. The compound light microscope (Figure 1.16) is used to observe thin slices of specimens, such as blood cells. It can magnify up to 1500 times. Its view is flat—that is, two dimensional. The specimen must be thin enough to allow light to pass through it. The stereomicroscope has two eyepieces to look through, whereas the compound light microscope can have one or two eyepieces. The word monocular is used to describe a microscope with one eyepiece (mono = one). Microscopes with two lenses are called binocular (bi = two). The compound light microscope uses the effect of two lenses (one in the eyepieces and one further down the column called the objective lens) combined with light to give a greater magnification. It can be used to observe much smaller things than those seen under a stereomicroscope. To look at cells clearly through a compound light microscope, very thin layers of a sample must be used. The light has to be able to get through or all you will see is a dark shadow—a bit like a leadlight window. Most cells are clear in colour, so a stain, like iodine, is used to help make them more visible by providing contrast. Although light microscopes, like the compound light microscope and stereomicroscope, had served scientists well for more than 300 years, the explosion of new technology in the 20th century led to the invention of more complex microscopes, such as electron microscopes. An electron microscope uses electrons (tiny negatively charged particles) to create images. The first electron microscope, the transmission electron microscope (TEM), was invented in 1933 to help study the structure of metals. The scanning electron microscope (SEM), developed later, uses a beam of electrons to scan across a specimen and to recreate the image, showing details of its surface. Electron microscopes can magnify up to a million times! Using this technology, many more details of the cell that were formerly invisible to scientists are now beginning to be understood. The development of the synchrotron is one of the biggest changes to microscopes. Synchrotrons are ‘microscopes’ that are about the size of a football field and cost a fortune to build. The synchrotron provides even more magnification than an electron microscope and can ‘see’ down to the level of the molecules (particles) that make up substances. There are currently forty-three synchrotrons across the world. Australia’s synchrotron opened in 2007 and is located near Monash University, in Melbourne. There are many beneficial applications of  synchrotron science. For example, researchers can use the synchrotron to invent ways to tackle diseases, make plants more productive and metals more resilient.

Absolute Lymphocyte And Cd4 Count Health And Social Care Essay

Cluster of differentiation 4 counts have become a standard step of immunodeficiency in grownups infected with HIV in resource rich countries. However bulk of HIV positive people now live in developing states which are resource hapless lending to about 80 % of the planetary portion. World Health Organization ( WHO ) guidelines acknowledge that absolute lymph cell count ( ALC ) may be used to do intervention determination in resource hapless scenes when CD4 count is non available. Whereas ALC is an cheap and utile marker for presenting disease, the informations measuring the public-service corporation of ALC as cheap alternate marker of CD4 cell count to steer curative determinations is conflicting. Majority of HIV positive people now live in developing states like in Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia lending to about 80 % of the planetary portion [ 1 ] . It is besides true that this is besides the part where there is resource restriction to turn to the job like scarceness of CD4 appraisal counters to originate ART and follow-up. Access to ART is now turning. CD4 counts have become a standard step of immunodeficiency in grownups infected with HIV in resource rich countries where the load of the pandemic is low [ 3 ] . Mindful of this job, the current guidelines from World Health Organization ( WHO ) acknowledge that entire lymph cell count ( TLC ) may be used to do intervention determination in resource hapless scenes when CD4 count is non available and patients are mildly diagnostic [ 4 ] . Absolute Lymphocyte Count ( ALC ) is an cheap and utile marker for presenting disease, foretelling patterned advance to AIDS and decease and monitoring response to ART. The principle for the WHO ‘s recommendation is that most surveies concluded a diminution in TLC was strongly correlated with a diminution in CD4 count, though there were some disagreements [ 5-10 ] . However the informations measuring the public-service corporation of ALC as cheap alternate marker of CD4 cell count to steer curative determinations is conflicting including a recent study which mentioned that ALC & lt ; 1200 cells/mm3 was non optimum for placing patients necessitating ART since it showed low sensitiveness and specificity to foretell CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 [ 10,11 ] . The survey was conducted at our infirmary which is besides a regional HIV/AIDS referral Centre. Over 35 patients are seen each hebdomad including new and follow up instances. The infirmary provides HIV attention such as guidance, intervention of timeserving infections, out patient every bit good as in patient attention and all HIV related complications and lab trials ( including CD4 lymph cell count trials for all instances and outsourced viral burden proving in choice instances ) , all free of cost. The infirmary besides provides information to patients refering the benefit of ART and entree to drugs. Eligible patients with CD4 & lt ; 350 cells/mm3 or WHO clinical phase 4 are started on ART which is besides provided free of cost. The patient spectrum includes instances with HIV infection both with and without ART and besides some who have advanced AIDS. From May 2009 to Jun 2010, two hundred and forty one back-to-back patients seen at our HIV/AIDS referral Centre who had obtained Complete blood count ( CBC ) and CD4 measurings on the same blood sample, were eligible for the survey. These survey topics were assessed for clinical unwellnesss on the same twenty-four hours as the lab trial measurings. A standardised information aggregation signifier was completed for each patient. Patient information on registration included demographics, clinical and laboratory data.Complete past medical records of all patients were either in their ownership or in our informations bank, our Centre being the regional referral Centre for HIV/AIDS. All the patients were evaluated for current age, manner of sensing of HIV ( voluntary showing or high hazard testing ) and twelvemonth of sensing of HIV infection. All past medical records were perused. All patients were subjected to a elaborate history and complete clinical scrutiny for marks of HIV disease or other timeserving infections. Two survey doctors determined the WHO clinical stage10. All patients underwent analysis for CD4+ T cell count at first sensing, six monthly for first one and half old ages and annually thenceforth. A basic Hemogram, urine analysis, Liver map trials and serum creatinine was carried out. Screening for pox, hepatitis B and C was besides done. Annually Chest X beam and ultrasound of the venters was done. Computerised imaging ( CT ) scan of venters, caput and thorax was carried out in relevant instances. Baseline and thenceforth two annual Mantoux trial was done. Baseline and thenceforth two annual Toxoplasma, Herpes Simplex virus 1 & A ; 2 and Cytomegalovirus antibody titers of IgG and IgM were besides done. Consecutive weight records were besides maintained. Any other relevant trials required for intervention of any specific instances were besides undertaken. Laboratory information included CD4 measured by a FACS Counter and complete blood counts by manual method including haemoglobin ( Hb ) ( Sahliaa‚Â ¬a„?s method ) , white bl ood cell count ( WBC ) and Absolute lymph cell count ( ALC ) . All blood indices were done on the same sample for each patient. Quality Control is monitored by internal controls and external proficiency plans. Quality Assurance and Quality Improvement Programs are in place.The informations set was de-identified and no references, alone identifiers or patient visit day of the months were included. The infirmary moralss commission reviewed the survey and cleared it for farther processing. A survey in 2004-05, in Europe and USA reported that absolute lymph cell count was a strong forecaster of short-run disease patterned advance, being merely marginally less prognostic than CD4-cell per centum in the pediatric population. However Johnson et Al ( 2009 ) concluded that low absolute lymph cell count did non correlate with terrible immunosuppression based on CD4 cell count in pediatric HIV infected population. Harmonizing to the WHO ‘s general rule to steer determination doing approximately when to originate ART in resource hapless scenes, a wider handiness of CD4 testing is indispensable. However, the scarceness of this engineering should n't be a cause to discourage intervention while the patient ‘s status deteriorates if there is entree to ALC and cognition of clinical presenting [ 4 ] . Several surveies revealed moderately equal sensitiveness and specificity to see ALC as a foster step for CD4 [ 5-10 ] . Gupta and co-workers ( 2007 ) , observed low sensitiveness and specificity of ALC as an surrogate marker to originate ART. As it was reported by Jacobson and co-workers ( 2003 ) , ALC may still be used in resource limited country with the apprehension of its low sensitiveness and specificity. Stebbing and co-workers besides indicated that despite minimally less dependability of TLC as a alternate for CD4, ALC is of import tool in the absence of expensive equipment to mensurate CD4. Current WHO guidelines Dec 2009, in resource-limited scenes clinical supervising alone may be an option for the first 2 old ages of intervention. We agree with the present consensus that clinical monitoring entirely may be better option than trusting on ALC. It is clip that we call drapes down on ALC as a foster marker of CD4 counts.

Three different artists as examples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Three different artists as examples - Essay Example This is to mean that a piece of art is able to penetrate to the heart and soul. The attainment capacity to which these thoughts and feelings can reach cannot measure, as it tends to vary within individuals. The sinking of the message in an art form is of a silent nature where understanding is in-born. In essence, art is an artist’s ideas conveyed in a standard medium that establishes ripples in the mind of the viewer or to the one set to enjoy the piece of art. In the twentieth century, art evolved in the minds and hearts of many in a manner related to intriguing fashion concepts. Therefore, there was a rise in the making of sculptures, wall paintings, murals, and canvas paintings that depicted advanced beauty and sophistication. Subsequently, it emerges that all art forms have the immeasurable capacity to modify and influence the creative power within an individual. Art wise, change in the twentieth century was the adoption of modernism as a way of artists expressing themselv es. The innovations made during this period majorly influenced many artists that led this in to being the subject of their artworks. Moreover, cubism had also found its way in to the artistic expressions of that time. This form of art involved the use of ovoid shapes and many colors on oil and canvas to bring out beautiful paintings. On the other hand, modernism was an art form in which the traditional art forms had paved way for developed and modernized aspects of art. They ventured in the use of new mediums of displaying art and fresh ideas about the functions of art. For instance, the artists responsible for the revolution of art in the beginning of the twentieth century include Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso, and Raoul Dufy. In addition, the twentieth century witnessed the birth of fauvism that involved the use of many colors, impressive landscape figures to create expressions, and figured paintings to depict the actual scenario. These various growths in the art world were effecti ve in the development of art in to the forms visible today. On the other hand, the artist reception of these new ideas was overwhelming as most of them blended them perfectly in to their operations. As a result, they gave birth to impressions used in the explaining of the history of a nation. Ideally, these artworks portrayed the economic and cultural status of the people that existed in the time of their making. They documented history. In this regard, the objective of this paper will be to explain the valuable role of artists in contemporary life and society in general. Additionally, it will highlight three artists and three artworks then give their relevance in the art world. This will be through arguments, quotes, examples, and documented evidence to support as to why their roles were significant. Ways in which art plays a valuable role in modern life and society Family of Saltimbanques, 1905, oil on canvas by Pablo Picasso In Picasso’s Family of Saltimbanques oil on canv as painting, the theme is on entertainment as the painted family is that of those who work in a circus. The different characters depict the state in which the family finds itself in. As much as the family tends to make a living through its work, there is also loneliness portrayed in the way the woman sits in solicitude (Fichner-Rathus 81). Picasso pulled her away from the group to emphasize on how lonely she gets. The circus figures stand silent within the picture to show the technique of

Police Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Police Operations - Essay Example Initial law enforcement undertakings in the USA were tentatively planned, as there was no supposed need for permanent, trained forces, and watchmen were frequently volunteers. In the eighteenth century, nevertheless, large urban areas for example New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago had established permanent police forces. Specialized, permanent state police forces were not customary in the America until the twentieth century. The 20th Century heralded pragmatic research and expertise to the world of policing. Innovative practice in identifying bodily characteristics for example fingerprints, first applied in the early 1900s concerned police agencies used more authority on criminal inquiries, crime deterrence, and other specialized jobs. In the period between 1920s and 1940s, nearly all large cities had special juvenile crime units; in the 1920s and 1930s, there was a growth of traffic divisions; in the 1940s and 1950s, police agencies established public relations positions; the 1950s introduced the first telephoto transmissions of documents, photographs, and fingerprints; and since the 1970s, police agencies have worked toward automated data collecting, sharing, and analysis. At the end of the 20th century, municipal police forces had specialized units for managing emergencies for example bombs, hostage situations, crowd control, undersea rescue, and violence. F Forensic science highly-advanced evidence collection and analysis in the last decades of the 20th century, however trivial, rural police operations rarely had the resources or use scientific innovations. At the same time as the consequences of DNA testing were generally believed dependable, such experiments could take months lacking the necessary resources or skilled workforce to perform them. Since 2001 there were still a number of states with no regular system of preserving crime incidents and collection of evidence. Police Organization: An Introduction In accordance with the U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics, in 1996 there were 922,200 permanent, local police workforce, of whom 663,535 had detention authority. Constant expansion for the last couple of decades show estimated 1 million local law enforcement employees all over the USA, about a quarter of them women and minorities. Data from 1997 show that, normally, local police officers were expected to have 1,100 hours of training, and, by 2000, over 37% of local police agencies were needed to have college education. In 2000, there were 88,496 federal officers, about thirty-one for every 100,000 people. The bulk of police officers are in Texas; California; Washington, D.C.; New York; and Florida. Since most U.S. police units have been set up and supported by the local populace, and for the reason that they were established at different periods, there are numerous forms in how the police agencies are structured and supported. Normally, city police are supported by the city and led by a police head, either chosen by the mayor or designated. Counties hire patrolman and sheriffs, who generally are responsible to an elected county

Mortgage Backed Securities and their role in the economic crisis Essay

Mortgage Backed Securities and their role in the economic crisis - Essay Example This will normally lead to a fall in the countries’ GDP, a rising and falling of prices because of inflation and deflation and a drying up of liquidity. It normally can take a form of recession or a depression. The economic crisis began with bursting of the united states housing bubble and high default rates on subprime adjustable rate mortgages (ARM),and variable rate mortgages beginning around 2005 to 2006(Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2007). Prior to the crisis, the government policies and competitive pressures encouraged high risk lending practices for several years. The role of Mortgage Backed Securities in the economic crisis The financial crisis was highly felt in the market in 2008. The civil fraud charges was filed against several major credit rating agencies for their role in developing mortgage bond that helped bring about the financial crisis in 2008. The Wall Street Journal reported that the U.S.  Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) is currently looking at t he role these companies played in the crisis and exploring the possibility of holding them accountable. The crisis began to affect the financial sector in February 2007, when HSBC, the world's largest (2008) bank, wrote down its holdings of subprime-related MBS by $10.5 billion, the first major subprime related loss to be reported. During 2007, at least 100 mortgage companies either shut down, suspended operations or were sold. Top management has not escaped unscathed, as the CEOs of Merrill Lynch and Citigroup resigned within a week of each other. As the crisis deepened, more and more financial firms either merged, or announced that they were negotiating seeking merger partners. (Wall Street Journal. Online, May 2008). Credit risk arises because the borrower has the option of defaulting...This paper outlines the role of the mortgage backed securities (MBS) in the surfacing of financial crisis Mortgage backed securities are loans that are normally purchased from mortgage companies, banks and originators and then assembled into groups by a private entity, a governmental or a quasi governmental. The securities are then offered by the entity. These securities are offered through the securitization, that represents the claims on the principal and interest payments made by borrowers on their loans in the group. Most of the mortgages are offered by a U.S. Government agency known as the National Mortgage Association or government-sponsored agencies which comprises of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and the Federal National Mortgage Association Mortgage bonds or mortgage-backed securities were secured by a mortgage on one or more assets. They are generally backed by real property or real estate holdings. The mortgage bondholder has a claim to the underlying property and can sell it off to compensate for the default if the homeowner paying their mortgage defaults. Economic crisis refer to a situation where the economy of a nation or a country undergoes a sudden downturn which is brought about by financial crisis. The financial crisis was highly felt in the market in 2008 The civil fraud charges was filed against several major credit rating agencies Credit risk arises because borrower has the option of defaulting on the loan one owes. In the real sense, lender is the one who bore the credit risk on the mortgages issued. It was made possible for lenders to sell the right to receive the payments on mortgages they issue through securitization. This led to several risks in the financial sector

FINAL EXAM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FINAL EXAM - Essay Example According to the declaration of independence, all people are equal and created free. As such, they have the same natural rights. Thus, legitimate governments should be formed by the approval of the people who are being governed. Consequently, these legitimate governments should therefore secure and guard these rights. The declaration of independence brought to the fore a unanimous decision made by thirteen colonies to dis engage themselves from Britain. However, the most significant element of the declaration of independence since its inception was its declaration that political legitimacy was determined by people. As such, it appealed and advocated for equal rights for all people. Therefore, the meaning of the declaration of independence transcends both circumstances and time. The declaration of independence possesses three vital parts; the preamble, a list of accusations/charges brought against Britain’s king George II and the conclusion. Although the document justifies a re volutionary war, its bases its arguments on universal reason which are in line with laws of nature and of nature’s God. Additionally, the arguments respect opinions of people. The document is guided by its basic principles which include: self-evident truths; the document bases the American government on some self-evident truths like human equality and other unalienable rights. Self-evident truths transcend time, nations and circumstances. Secondly, rights of the people are acknowledged to produce legal governments. Thus, race, heredity, religion or wealth cannot justify government legitimacy. Equality is another third principle of the document. American government is basically about liberty and rights. However, these rights originate from all men being equal. Fourth, the purpose of happiness implies that a legitimate government should guard the unalienable rights such as liberty and life. Human happiness implies that the person or people live their lives to

Capstone on United Bankshares, Inc Research Paper

Capstone on United Bankshares, Inc - Research Paper Example The vision is to provide loans and other financial support instruments to organizations and businesses that are very productive from their banking subsidiaries. Stakeholders are those who affect and are affected by the operations of a business (Freeman, 2009: p3). The main stakeholders of Bankshares Inc are their staff members who are knowledgeable business professional with in-depth knowledge of the markets and financial trends. The second group of stakeholders are the subsidiary banks that provide the financing when the bank gets good and accurate forecasts. A third group of primary stakeholders are the businesses that acquire loans from UBSI. Porters Five Forces describes a given industry or competitive terrain for an organization (Henry, 2010). In doing this, there are five distinct forces that define the competitive position and scope of the industry. They include: 2. Threat of Suppliers: This is a major threat because the suppliers of loans and other banking services of USBI could build in-house business advisory and investment banking units and not need USBIs services. 4. Ease of Entry: It is fairly easy for anyone to start a financial advisory and brokerage firm. However, it is not very easy to build the kind of goodwill USBI has with banks. This include owning subsidiaries and controlling affairs. 5. Competitive Rivalry: This include other providers of services similar to USBI. This include Bank of America Corporation, BB&T Corporation and BankUnited Inc. These are financial intermediaries that own bank subsidiaries and look for investment opportunities that have very high yield. This is high and provides a major cause of concern for UBSI 1. Subsidiary banks: There is the need for the banks in the USBI network to be prepared for the expansion. They would have to be adjusted and examined for expansion and growth of the operations and activities. The units need to be given much

The Term Equality in Regard to Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Term Equality in Regard to Animals - Essay Example In the following sections, I will first explain Singer’s view and show that I am against it in my own words in order to be more precise. I will also point out one main ambiguity related to my view in his argument in order to clarify which exact disambiguation I disprove. Then, I will propose my objection to his view and explain why I think it is a good one. The last section will include a strong response that I think an advocate of Singer’s view would possibly respond to my objection and the explanation why it does make a good point. In his article All animals are equal, Singer argues that if racism and sexism are wrong, then so does speciesism. He claims that if all humans should be treated equally, then, equality is not about equal rights based on the difference of â€Å"intelligence, moral capacity, physical strength, or similar matters of fact.† Instead, he argues that equality is based on equal concern. According to Singer, the Principle of Equality states that â€Å"the interests of every being affected by an action are to be taken into account and given the same weight as the like interests of any other being.† Moreover, in the article, Singer notes, â€Å"In other words, I am arguing that we extend to other species the basic principle of equality that most of us recognize should be extended to all members of our own species† (Singer, 2). Therefore, according to the combination of the two views, Singer claims that humans must give the same respect to identical interests of all beings t hat have the ability toâ€Å"suffer or experience enjoyment or happiness† (ability to feel pain and pleasure). He argues that the Principle of Equality is the only non-arbitrary way to treat other creatures.

Timeline of Historical Events (Prehistoric to Postmodern Era) Essay Example for Free

Timeline of Historical Events (Prehistoric to Postmodern Era) Essay Timeline of Historical Events (Prehistoric to Postmodern Era) The events industry started to take shape from the prehistoric age where the most primitive forms of human activity took place, following an enabling experience from evolutionary patterns (Goldblatt 2010, p12). As widely held in historical theories, invention as a factor of necessity implies that the origin of most creative ways of making life easy began as supported by realization that man needed them to survive in the changing life experiences. Firstly, the prehistoric era events included the emergence of Homo sapiens sapiens, the man with an enhanced brain activity able to support different high-level primate intelligence chores such as tool making, cultivation of crops, and domestication of animals. In summary, civilization of Europe and Asia contribute the major events that took place with specific account of the UK. Emergence of early industries based on agricultural culture supports the origin of other industries such as metal industry initially targeted at tool making. Demand factors during this era must have been characterized by a food industry such as labor for production (eif 2011, p3). Secondly, the Ancient era advanced needs included record keeping, governance, education and emergence of cities. Demand and supply factors for such activities included food production and education as required by the emergent civilization. Other related ages in succession include Middle Ages, High Medieval, Renaissance and Age of Exploration characterized by political and religious events earlier precipitated in the Ancient Ages. The Modern Era with a cluster of related eras such as Puritan Era, Enlightenment Era, Romantic Era, Petroleum era and High Modern Era characterized a series of events based on innovation, mass industrial production and mass agricultural production. The Postmodern Era beginning in the mid-1900s characterize the information age based on high innovation and intelligent operations in production, education, management and governance, variously referred to as the scientific revolution (Ackermann et al. 2008, pxxx).

Stanislavskis System Essay Example for Free

Stanislavskis System Essay All of our acts, even the simplest, which are so familiar to us in everyday life, become strained when we appear behind the footlights before a public of a thousand people. That is why it is necessary to correct ourselves and learn again how to walk, sit, or lie down. It is essential to re-educate ourselves to look and see, on the stage, to listen and to hear. Stanislavski (Konstantin Stanislavski quotes) Realistic drama was said to be born in the late 1800s, however before that, no director or actor trainer had succeeded in creating a method in order to instil believability in a character through the actor. There were some actors and actresses that used their own individual talent to achieve this, but there was not a developed system or method that one could teach or even pass on to the future generation of actors. In the midst of this thirst of authenticity, Konstantin Stanislavski actor and director extraordinaire developed his own system over a lifetime. When we are on stage, we are in the here and now Stanislavski (Konstantin Stanislavski quotes) Due to the fact that he was born into a wealthy family of merchants, Konstantin Sergeievich Alekseiv, had to begin his service to the family business, but soon realized that nothing could overpower his love for theatre. His family too shared some of his enjoyment for theatre and built him an amateur theatre in which he had his first stage appearances. His family also funded expensive vocal and stage movement lessons from Moscows best teachers. However, his love for theatre intensified to such an extent that in 1884, he was forced to adopt Konstantin Stanislavski as a stage name for his first public debut in order to hide his theatre aspirations from his family. In 1888, although he was still being forced to work in the family business, he co-founded the Moscow Society of Arts and Literature. Being the co-founder of the Moscow Art Theatre helped Stanislavski set up a basis for his own system of training actors. This unique system required actors to research the situation provided by the script according to the characters motivations, create a subtext to their script whereby they show the meaning or the imagination beneath the text their script, and bring to mind their own experiences so that they may use the emotions from their own experiences as emotions for their character in order to make their character more believable. Love art in yourself, not yourself in art. Stanislavski (Konstantin Stanislavski quotes) These requirements forced the actors to perform the actions and reactions of their character based, not only on the actors motivation, but also on the actors personal experiences. It also allowed the actor to match his motivations to that of the character in the script. After having already identified the characters motivations, the actor can recall his emotions and experiences whilst playing the character on stage in order to give a more authentic and convincing performance. His new proposed system for acting had eight questions that the actor must answer in order to build and establish the character. These included: I. Who? II. When? III. Where? IV. What? V. Why? VI. How? VII. What do I need to overcome? VIII. Before time? (Stanislavski for Beginners) These questions helped the actor recognize the characters purpose and establish the actors own movement on stage so that they may be able to project the characters purpose to the audience. Stanislavski developed a number of techniques and principles that he considered fundamental in helping the actor achieve a believable character on stage. Stanislavski felt that most actors assumed that believable acting was derived from simply being natural on stage. However, from his observations, Stanislavski concluded that realistic acting on stage was extremely difficult and can sometimes come across as artificial. Bring yourself to the part of taking hold of a role, as if it were your own life. Speak for your character in your own person. When you sense this real kinship to your part, your newly created being will become soul of your soul, flesh of your flesh. Stanislavski (Konstantin Stanislavski quotes) After having memorized my monologue I figured I knew my character quite well she was a young girl who was sad because her best friend just died. I didnt think I needed to know any more than that in order to deliver a good monologue. However, when the time came to answer the questions above for my character, I resented it and I didnt think it would help in any way. I decided that I would perform my monologue for a class mate before and after answering the questions in order to prove my point. The first thing I realized was that answering those questions was no easy feat for me, which proved how much I didnt know my character. After much use of my imagination, I finally managed to answer the questions in depth. Whilst answering the questions I found out things that never even occurred to me about my character. I felt like I was talking about a real life person who had a past, a present, and even a future. Needless to say, the real impact of what I found out about my character did not hit until I performed my monologue post-questions. I found myself really feeling and actually believing that I was that character and not just impersonating someone. After performing my monologue I honestly felt like I had given birth to an actually human being Undoubtedly, I received the most positive feedback about my monologue post-questions. Some of the principles of the Stanislavski System included: * The actor is aware that the play is fiction, but he must question himself about how he would behave if the situation was real. This helps the actor transform the play as if it were real. * The actor must question himself about his character and must understand not only what, but why he is saying what he is saying and doing what he is doing. * The actor must not get distracted by the audience and must concentrate on what is happening on stage. * The actor must learn how to rid his body of muscle tensions and relax himself so that he may call upon his actions with ease in order to reach his goal as the character. The relaxation and observation exercise was quite an experience for me because I was able to tap into emotions so deep that at times I virtually forgot that I was in Drama class. When Ms. Kennedy was declaring the emotions that we had to feel, experiences that never occurred to me popped up in my head. For instance, when Ms. Kennedy declared that we were to feel jealous, an incident that popped up in my mind was one of which I was unaware that I felt jealous at that moment! I presume that it was my mind reminding me that I was subconsciously jealous at that moment. With every emotion that Ms. Kennedy declared, I found my body subtly changing. This change occurred from the tilt of my head to the direction of my toes. What amazed me the most was that it felt as though my body was changing by itself. The changes were so subtle and gradual at first, and then when they got to be a little more intense was when I realized that I was tapping my toes or holding my breath. I presume that it is these subtle movements and actions that make acting more believable on stage. * The actor must consciously perform the small physical actions that people perform unconsciously do in real like in order to make his character look realistic. When Ms. Kennedy told us to stand up and imitate the actions of the members of my ensemble, I realized how unconsciously we perform little actions that make us who we are. For instance, I am constantly running my hand through my hair because of my fringe that comes in my eyes. I am so used to this action that I do it without being aware of what I am doing. When I did so during this exercise I was taken aback when my ensemble started imitating me and I thought to myself, Did I just do that?. I saw similar reactions from the members of my ensemble. Through these exercises I learnt that it is the little actions that make us unique. * The actor must recall his emotional experiences from his emotional memory. This will bring truth to his character. * The actor must establish good communication with his ensemble (i.e. the other actors on stage) by listening to what they are saying and by looking directly at them, unless when the script requires them not to do so. * It is vital for the actor to understand the play and perform his part with determination. He must also feel for his part to such an extent that his portrayal of the character looks nothing but authentic and convincing on stage. * In order to convince the audience, the actor must use the techniques to call upon memories that help him react to other characters in the play as well as act. This makes his character more believable. (The Stanislavski System) Some techniques of the Stanislavski System include: * Objective Words o The actor must understand the objectives of the character behind each and every line that they say. I used this method to first indentify the intentions of my character behind every line, and then match those intentions with an action. This gave every action behind every line a purpose and made it easier for me to recall my emotional memory when I needed it. * Magic If The actor must connect with the character by asking how he would behave if his characters situation was real and was actually happening to him. This helps the actor think like the character and not just impersonate him. Stanislavskis Magic If and As If has really helped me in my monologue as I have to imagine that I am speaking to a corpse of my best friend. Throughout the monologue, I really enjoy that I am forced to use my imagination and make-believe that a table is a casket and boxes are a deceased human being. Although I dont find it that hard pretending that I am speaking to my deceased friend, I really enjoy the challenge of making my audience believe and see what I am seeing. With more practice and more rehearsal of my monologue, I will be able to make my audience feel not only the pain of losing a friend, but also the pain of my own personal experience that I drew out to play this part. * As If o The actor should get in role and as himself what he would do if here was to be in his characters situation. This brings about convincing actions and reactions for the character. Before I first practiced this technique, I immediately told myself that I would imagine that I was at the funeral of my best friend. However, this will be hard to improvise because I just simply cannot imagine my best friend dying. It is unthinkable. Thus, I decided that I would bring back the memory of when I was at my uncles funeral and use those emotions in the context of my monologue. This helped my monologue significantly as it was easier to bring back emotions of things that have already happened. While I was performing my monologue, I really felt as though I was back at my uncles funeral and I was able to use the emotions I felt then to emphasize the lines of my monologue. Although my uncles funeral was some 5 years ago, this technique helped me realize that those feelings are still alive. Although this technique benefited my monologue, it also benefited my life as when I brought those emotions back I felt that I was able to deal with them better than I did those 5 years ago. * Subtext o The actor must know the emotion and meaning that lays underneath his characters lines. The actor does not speak this, but portrays this though choice of action, gestures, posture, pauses etc. Subtext generally increases the audiences involvement in the play as it acts as a secret between the audience and the character with the subtext as opposed to the other characters present on stage. o Inner Monologue * The actor must know all the thoughts that are going through the characters mind not only while he is speaking his dialogue, but also while he is listening to the other characters on stage. o Mental Images * The actor must bring together all the pictures that he sees in his mind as the character and communicate this to the other actors on stage. This method really taught me how to break down the text of a script and read in between the lines in order to fully understand my character. After I had determined what was going through my characters mind at every line in the play, * Given Circumstances o Whilst building his character, the actor must take into account all the information the playwright has given the actor through the script. This technique helped me exert all the circumstances that my playwright had given me, and with this information I was able to establish my character and her personality more. This technique also taught me how to apply the emotions that I derived from the previous techniques like As If. * Imagination o The actor must work really hard in order to use imagination to fill in the gaps of his characters life where the playwright hasnt given enough information. Imagination was my key component in any Stanislavski technique that I attempted and applied to my monologue. However, Imagination was most useful to me when I first began creating my character and her personality. I used my imagination to first answer my WHERE, WHEN, WHAT, WHY, WHENCE, BEFORE TIME questions which in turn helped me create a really descriptive and in-depth character analysis. Imagination also helped me be less mechanic and more authentic on stage. I used imagination to give life to the words on paper and give life to a real character. This process is really similar to giving birth. * Circles of Attention o Although they are in public and in front of an audience, the actor must feel as though they are alone on stage and they must throw circles of attention on their actions in order to really concentrate. The actor must be able to draw into a small circle of attention, if they need arises, even though he may be performing in front of thousands. It is difficult for the actor to take in whole spaces at once and therefore must focus on the space bit by bit. This will increase the actors attention because as one could have a small, medium or large circle of attention. As the circle grows larger and larger, your concentration it tested at its limits. Thus it is recommended for actors to withdraw to a small circle of attention if they find their attention wavering in order to rebuild into their larger circle of attention. * Perspective o Perspective requires the actor to see their role as a whole. It requires them to sustain their concentration, focus on their objectives and also watch for any problems that could possibly occur on stage. They must develop a pace for their acting as the play unfolds on stage. Funnily enough, Perspective really helped me develop my costume and what message I was wanted to portray with my costume. I was debating to either wear boyish clothes that showed off my characters tom boyishness and establish her to the audience in that manner or to wear girly clothes and emphasize my characters uncomfortable feeling. I chose to go with the second choice to really show how isolated and uncomfortable my character feels in the situation that life thrust her in. For my costume I decided on an off-white skirt with black flower embroidery, topped with a black t-shirt-like blouse and black boots. Although my character hates skirts and anything girly, I am wearing a girly outfit to show that my character is uncomfortable with not only what she is wearing, but where she is, what she is about to do and the situation as a whole. My costume consists mainly of the color black because she is attending a funeral and black is the code mourning color. I am accompanying my outfit with boots to show that my character, although caved in into wearing a skirt and blouse, refused completely to wear high heels or sandals. The boots keep some of my characters personality alive. * Tempo-Rhythm o Tempo * Actors must realize that every action that they have planned will take time and they can either chose to decelerate the tempo whereby they will be giving themselves more time to speak and perform or to accelerate the tempo which would have the opposite effect. o Rhythm * The actor must know how and what to stress while he is on stage in order to portray the message that he is trying to portray. (The Stanislavski System Growth and Methodology) These techniques and principles of the Stanislavski System helps the actor develop an interior monologue for the character, so that each action that the actor takes as the character comes across as spontaneous to the audience. In addition, Stanislavski also believed highly on the use of costumes, sets and props contributing to the realism of the character. He believed that every prop must serve a purpose, and if a prop was placed on stage, then the actor must know the history of the prop in relation to the play (where it was bought, who it was bought by and how it came to be in this particular location). Stanislavski also worked on something called The Method of Physical Actions whereby he focused on physical action encouraging truthful emotion. The main aim was to reach the subconscious mind through the conscious mind. (Method Acting) Due to the fact that the theatre held great social and educational significance for Stanislavski, he found it difficult to separate the social context that was attached to his theatre. He was known to use the stage to reflect the social issues that were occurring during the civil unrest that lead to the Russian Revolution in 1905 and the Soviet Union being established. However, even though he responded to criticism saying that he never staged contemporary Communist plays by directing several plays of revolutionary significance, he was still criticised for catering to progressive middleclass audiences. Thus he refused his company to produce plays that were undeserving of its traditions and high standards in order to maintain his integrity and dignity. Fortunately for Stanislavski, he was caught in the midst of the violence of the revolution and needed to be protected by Lenin from being eradicated alongside the Czar Dom. The communists had elected his system and made the Moscow Art Theatre the fountainhead of social realism. (Stanislavski, Konstantin) His theatre quickly began producing Soviet propaganda due to an allegiance that was being maintained between the USSR and Stanislavskis socially conscious method of production. Needless to say, Stanislavski survived both Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917. The Stanislavski System is known to only be as good as the person who uses it. It is not something that will immediately turn a bad actor into a good one, nor will it guarantee success. The Stanislavski System is simply a serious of developments, techniques and ideologies that help the actor make use and develop his skills and talents and to gain control of his gift in order to become a better actor. Using the system requires time and understanding that are not so easily summoned up these days. However, who so ever have studied and have been trained in the Stanislavski System know that it is a diligent method that requires a lot of work, but also makes seem more effortless and believable. Stanislavski always told his actors to leave your ego at the stage door as you come in and those who intend to follow the Stanislavski System must know that it is not solely based on the actor himself. The actor must not only develop his own talent, but must also develop a bond with his ensemble and know that a performance can only be put on when there is trust and dependence among the actors. (Stanislavski and the Actor, 149) Thus I will end with a quote from the master himself, In the creative process there is the father, the author of the play; the mother, the actor pregnant with the part; and the child, the role to be born. (Konstantin Stanislavsky quotes) and say that one must commence on the journey that is the creative process in order to realize the true value of Stanislavskis teachings. Bibliography Allen, David. Stanislavski for Beginners. New York City: Writers Readers Publishing, 1999. Benedetti, Jean. Stanislavski and the Actor: The Method of Physical Action. New York: Theatre Arts Book, 1998. Jones, Trevor, and Bradley W. Bishop. Stanislavski. Untitled Document. 22 Feb. 2009 http://www.kryingsky.com/Stan/Biography/bot.html. Konstantin Stanislavsky quotes. Find the famous quotes you need, ThinkExist.com Quotations.. 22 Feb. 2009 http://thinkexist.com/quotation/love_the_art_in_yourself-not_yourself_in_the/166692.html. Method Acting. Moderntimes: Classic Film Pages. 22 Feb. 2009 http://www.moderntimes.com/palace/method.htm. Stanislavsky, Konstantin: Biography from Answers.com. Answers.com Online Dictionary, Encyclopedia and much more. 26 Feb. 2009 http://www.answers.com/topic/konstantin-stanislavski. Sawoski, Perviz. The Stanislavski System Growth and Methodology. Homepage. 22 Feb. 2009 homepage.smc.edu/sawoski_perviz/Stanislavski.pdf. Stanislavski Quotes. Free Website Hosting Tripod free website templates to make your own free website. 22 Feb. 2009 http://members.tripod.com/~Jim_68/stan.htm. Stanislavskis system Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 22 Feb. 2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislavskis_system. The Stanislavski System. Teachit. 19 Feb. 2009 www.teachit.co.uk/attachments/stanis.pdf.

The Importance Of External Business Environment Commerce Essay

The Importance Of External Business Environment Commerce Essay Most firms operate in a very uncertain , volatile and dynamic environment. To remain competitive they need to anticipate changes in their external marketing environment and be prepared to adapt business activities accordingly. Industries need to be prepared and have some outline plans for dealing with different eventualities so that they are less likely to be exposed to loosing business. The external environment of different organizations differ in many ways, but the theme of every organization is to use their current resources and the information or data the have to their advantage and transform it into the required out puts, and this change happens against a background of external influences which are outside the industry and can effect the organization and its activities. The external environment is very complex, dynamic and volatile and unpredictable. But these factors have to be considered for any meaningful analysis of an industry. key determinants :- Political , Economical , Social , Technology , Environment , Legal as few determinants overlap for example the political, social, and economical can be said to socio-economic determinants. swot : analysis strengths weaknesses opportunities and threats The actual strategies being pursued at any time reflect the organizations strategy content, and the important issues are. The ability of the organization to add value in meaningful ways which exploit organizational resources to achieve synergy, also at the same time. Satisfy the needs of the organizations major stake holders. Particularly its share holders and customers. Strategic management involves devising a complete roadmap for capturing and maintaining competitive advantage by determining the broader concepts of mission, goals, and long and short-term objectives; and by defining and managing the more specific details of analysis, decision-making, actions, roles, responsibilities, and timelines needed to do so. A sustainable society is one that meets current environmental, economic, and community needs without compromising those needs in the future. There are three main categories of issues that affect a sustainable society: 1. Environmental issues 2. Economic issues 3. Community issues Today, companies are expected to practice good business ethics by fostering a sustainable society. Environmental issues may be caused by nature or humans. Environmental issues include the following: Changes in the climate, such as global warming Natural disasters, such as hurricanes The alteration of terrain or bodies of water due to natural disasters or development Deterioration of air quality, both outside (such as fumes from motor vehicles and airplanes) and inside (such as toxins released from paint and varnish) The release of hazardous materials from activities such as oil spills and the dumping of hazardous waste. The depletion or deterioration of natural resources, such as farmland, water, trees, and minerals. The displacement of wildlife or depletion of their food sources A company can influence those environmental issues caused by nature through its response and management of the after-effects. For example, a companys financial or emergency response to a hurricane illustrates a companys contribution to an environmental issue in a sustainable society. This is also a good example of an environmental issue that crosses over into a community issue.but by choosing active practices for oil gas or other leading industries which use more fuel and other natural energy resources they can take the following steps to be more eco friendly Use renewable resources, such as bamboo and treated pine timber whenever possible. Plant trees on company property and in the community. Reduce the number of motor vehicles and airplanes to lower emissions and noise pollution. Use recycled and biodegradable materials in product development. Operate facilities during non-peak utility and travel hours. Design products that are recyclable or biodegradable. Use alternative fuel vehicles whenever possible. Develop alternative energies, fuels, and products. Offer financial incentives to employees who travel to work by bicycle, public transportation, and hybrid or electric motor vehicles. Or Offer employees the opportunity to work from home part of the time. Purchase products from companies that employ sustainable packaging. Analysis on the external environment of UK mobile industry : The ideology that defines the boundaries of companies and industries stay unaffected, even if they include diverse implications as technology, boundaries can mainly be focused on the basic service, quality and price. Analysis of the external environment of the UK mobile phone industry key determinants of success . Economic: Due to the affluence of various market segments and consumption patterns of different individuals and direction of the economy in which a firm operates. Each firm must consider economic trends in the segments the effect the industry on both national and international level .government plays a major role in the economy and its activities influence both demand and supply side. The social factors that affect the firm involve beliefs, values, and attitudes, opinions of the persons in the firms external environment as developed from the ecological religious and ethnic conditioning. As the attitudes change among people, so does the demand. Entry of women into the labor market has brought about a profound social change. Technological uses of technology in UK mobile industry is a big factor, and important. Same the technology represent the main technical issues. Same as GPRS, 3G, MULTIMEDIA and many more technical supports for to enjoy people mobile and its technology. In UK there are approx45 million phones in circulation with an estimated 77% of population having at least one mobile phones. UK users alone dispose 15 million mobile phones annually. POLITICAL Political issues helps and improves the legal aspects of UK mobile phone industry is a huge running industry in world. Many companies are the hands of it. Interference of political factor in UK mobile phone industry by the government or judicial have helped the mobile industry to a large amount like the blocking the unwanted sites and making internet browsing safe. The decisions made by the government and political play a key factor in any mobile industry. Political factors define the legal and regulatory issue within the firm and the mangers who formulate the mobile companys strategy. This factors has an influence on two government functions. Supplier function Customer function There are the three factors to determine the external environment of the UK mobile phone industry in key determinants of success. Summary The development improvement and sustainability of an industry are dependent upon the relevant strategic options becoming available and used to the organizations best advantage within that industry. The methods of analysis used in this report are internationally recognized and provide a sound foundation for market and competitor analysis. The following report looks at and assesses the macro and micro environment of the mobile network industry on a domestic and global scale. PESTILE ANALYSIS One variation of PESTLE ANALYSIS has three main elements. The first two are often developed simultaneously with the third done as part of a following review process. 1. EXTERNAL FACTORS- LIST 2. IMPLICATIONS OF EXTERNAL FACTORS- IDENTIFY 3. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF IMPLICATION OF EXTERNAL FACTORS-DECIDE 1 LIST EXTERNAL FACTORS A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF FACTORS, Influences or pressure that have identified Implications and impacts, now or in the Future, for the organization is compiled for Each of the PESTLE components: POLITICAL Global, national, regional, local and community trends, changes, events etc. ECONOMIC world, national and local trends, changes, events etc SOCIAL Developments in society- culture, behavior, Expectations, composition etc. TECHNOLOGICAL Developments: computer hardware, software, other equipment, material, products and Processes etc. LEGAL Word/ EU/ National legislation changes, Prospects etc. ENVIRONMENTAL Global/ EU/ national/ local issues, pressure, Movements etc. Porters 5 Forces: The model of the Five Competitive Forces was developed by Michael E. Porter in his book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors in 1980.Since that time it has become an important tool for analyzing an organizations industry structure in strategic processes .Porters model is based on the insight that corporate strategy should meet the opportunities and threats in the organizations external environment. Especially, competitive strategy should base on and understanding of industry structures and the way they change. Porter has identified five competitive forces that shape every industry and every market. These forces determine the intensity of competition and hence the profitability and attractiveness of an industry. The objective corporate strategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the position of the organization. Porters model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the informa tion derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to exploit particular characteristics of their industry. The Five Competitive Forces are as follows Bargaining Power of Suppliers The suppliers comprises all sources for inputs that are needed in order to provide goods or services. Supplier bargaining power is likely to be high when:  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The market is dominated by a few large suppliers rather than a fragmented source of supply,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There are no substitutes for the particular input,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The suppliers customers are fragmented, so their bargaining power is low,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The switching costs from one supplier to another are high,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is the possibility of the supplier integrating forwards in order to obtain higher prices and margins. This threat is especially high when  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The buying industry has a higher profitability than the supplying industry,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Forward integration provides economies of scale for the supplier,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The buying industry hinders the supplying industry in their development (e.g. reluctance to accept new releases of products),  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The buying industry has low barriers to entry. In such situations, the buying industry often faces a high pressure on margins from their suppliers. The relationship to powerful suppliers can potentially reduce strategic options for the organization.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The product is undifferentiated and can be replaces by substitutes,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Switching to an alternative product is relatively simple and is not related to high costs,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Customers have low margins and are prices sensitive,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Customers could produce the product themselves,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The product is not of strategically importance for the customer,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The customer knows about the production costs of the product  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is the possibility for the customer integrating backwards. Bargaining Power of Customers: The bargaining power of customers determines how much customers can impose pressure on margins and volumes. Customers bargaining power is likely to be high when  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  They buy large volumes, there is a concentration of buyers,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The supplying industry comprises a large number of small operators  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The supplying industry operates with high fixed costs,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  High switching costs for customers  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Legislation and government action Threat of New Entrants: The competition in an industry will be the higher, the easier it is for other companies to enter this industry. In such a situation, new entrants could change major determinants of the market environment (e.g. market shares, prices, customer loyalty) at any time. There is always a latent pressure for reaction and adjustment for existing players in this industry. The threat of new entries will depend on the extent to which there are barriers to entry.  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Economies of scale (minimum size requirements for profitable operations),  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  High initial investments and fixed costs,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Cost advantages of existing players due to experience curve effects of operation with fully depreciated assets,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Brand loyalty of customers  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Protected intellectual property like patents, licenses etc,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Scarcity of important resources, e.g. qualified expert staff  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Access to raw materials is controlled by existing players,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Distribution channels are controlled by existing players,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Existing players have close customer relations, e.g. from long-term service contracts, Threat of Substitutes A threat from substitutes exists if there are alternative products with lower prices of better performance parameters for the same purpose. They could potentially attract a significant proportion of market volume and hence reduce the potential sales volume for existing players. This category also relates to complementary products. Similarly to the threat of new entrants, the treat of substitutes is determined by factors like  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Brand loyalty of customers,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Close customer relationships,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Switching costs for customers,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  The relative price for performance of substitutes,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Current trends. Competitive Rivalry between Existing companys : This force describes the intensity of competition between existing companies in an industry. High competitive pressure results in pressure on prices, margins, and hence, on profitability for every single company in the industry. Competition between existing players is likely to be high when  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There are many players of about the same size,  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Players have similar strategies  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  There is not much differentiation between players and their products, hence, there is much price competition  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Low market growth rates (growth of a particular company is possible only at the expense of a competitor),  ·Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Barriers for exit are high (e.g. expensive and highly specialized equipment).

Windows 2000 :: Free Essay Writer

Windows 2000 Windows NT Workstation 5.0 is now called Windows 2000 Professional Windows NT Server 5.0 is now Windows 2000 Server Windows NT Server Enterprise Edition becomes Windows 2000 Advanced Server Plus there is a new offering: Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Windows 2000 Professional will be limited to support only two processors. Windows 2000 Server will be able to support up to four processors. Windows 2000 Advanced Server will support up to eight processors. And Windows 2000 Datacenter Server will support up to 32 processors and additional clustering functions. It is recommended to have at least 64 MB RAM and 700- 900MB of disc space for Professional and even more for the other packages. For multi-processor configurations, 128MB of memory should be considered minimum. Adobe had helped develop a new font called OpenType. That font builds Type 1 and TrueType capabilities into the OS. The new â€Å"Find† command will allow the user to search for available printers on the network. You can specify search criteria to locate all the color printers on the network and then narrow the search by say, the tabloid-size color printer nearest you. Then, with a right click, the systen installs the printer driver, downloads a color management device profile automatically and you’re ready to print. It also has been revamped to now display graphical previews of found graphic images. It also offers a number of Internet-savvy features, uncluding live web links and Net searching. It has a new color management system developed by Linotype-Hell to produce system wide color management that will also extend to Internet Explorer, so that on-line purchases will result in the color the customer expects. Quark a former Mac-only product is now being ported for Windows. The most obvious new feature of Windows 2000 is it’s so-called â€Å"intelligent menus†, which remember a user’s most-used selections. Thus, Windows 2000 learns to hide commands you don’t use often, although these hidden items can be seen by simply pausing at the Start Menu destination for a few seconds. There is a brand new Device Manager that, combined with its plug and play hardware detection and large list of supported hardware, makes it a huge improvement over NT in overall hardware compatibility. New hardware supported it Windows 2000: Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP), DVD, FireWire (IEEE 1394), USB Devices, Advanced Configurable Power Interface (ACPI), Multiple monitors, etc. â€Å"IntelliMirror† feature: the ability to automatically restore uninstalled drivers, deleted DLL’s, and other user settings, even if the user’s machine is replaced with a different one.

Alternative Approaches to Meeting Peugeot Objectives Essays -- Papers

Alternative Approaches to Meeting Peugeot Objectives Are Peugeot using the best methods for the line of work they are involved in? Is there a way of improving their efficiency, quality and productivity? We should be able to tell if there is by looking at the theory known as benchmarking. Benchmarking can be defined as imitating the standards of an established leader in quality and attempting to be better them. Benchmarking is a technique used by some businesses to help them discover the 'best' methods of production available and then adopt them. Benchmarking involves: - Ã ¼ Finding out what makes the difference, in the customer's eyes, between an ordinary supplier and an excellent supplier. Ã ¼ Setting standards for business operations based on the best practice that can be found. Ã ¼ Finding out how these best companies meeting those standards. Ã ¼ Applying both competitors' standards and, if possible, exceed them. What should be benchmarked? I Who should the company benchmark against? I How is the information obtained? I How should the information be analysed? I How should the information be used? These are the five main steps in Benchmarking. The first step is to identify exactly what the company intends to benchmark. Benchmarks that are important for customer satisfaction might include consistency of product, correct invoices, shorter delivery times, shorter lead times and improved after sales service. Peugeot could decide to benchmark better sales figures. What better company to benchmark against than 'Ford', the leading company in market penetration. If Peugeot were to i... ...ompanies meet those standards. Then Peugeot could apply both standards and their own to meet the new standard and possibly exceed that excellent customer service standard. Due to Peugeot previous innovations, they were very successful in winning awards for the company, such as the 'car of the year' award; the 206 won the 'best used car' award. Also Peugeot were able to produce a world record, producing half a million 206s in three years. As we can see from Peugeot's previous success they are very innovative and progressive in the car industry. Using every new technological advantage possible to create that competitive advantage over their rivals. And with policies like "eight airbags as standard" Peugeot are a tough act to follow. Especially with such high regards to recycling and safety to the environment.

Comparing the Reaction Rates of Alkanes and Alkenes Essay

Introduction Alkanes are hydrocarbons with only single bonds between the atoms. Saturated hydrocarbon is the other term for it. They are used as fuels because they are non-reactive and also do not conduct electricity. For this reason they do not form hydrogen bonds and are insoluble in solvents such as water while alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are the other term for alkenes. They are stable compounds, but more reactive than alkanes due to the presence of carbon-carbon bond. Objectives: * To know if potassium permanganate solution will show reactions with oil and fat samples. * To determine if the results of the performed experiment are saturated or unsaturated and alkane or alkene if the samples are mixed with potassium permanganate. Hypothesis: If the fats and oils will be added by potassium permanganate solution then we will know if it is an alkane or an alkene. Materials and Methods * We obtained 2 full droppers (medicine dropper) of each oil sample, such as coconut oil, canola oil, corn oil, linseed oil and castor oil and placed it in different test tubes each. Different droppers were used to gather each sample. * We then melted the solid samples; butter, lard, and margarine using the warm water bath provided by the laboratory and tested them as liquids. * After getting all the samples needed, we added one dropper full of potassium permanganate solution to each samples and with the use of stirring rod, we stirred it then was covered with stoppers. The solid samples at the room temperature were turned to liquid when it was heated using the warm water bath method, while the liquid samples was still liquid at the room temperature. The butter and lard din not mixed well with the potassium permanganate  (KMnO4) and has some unmixed reactant which was at the bottom of the test tubes. Others, such as canola oil, coconut oil, linseed oil, castor oil, corn oil, and margarine has reactions as seen at table 1. Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4) discharges its color to the samples if it is unsaturated fat, however some have special cases like margarine and coconut oil.  Alkanes are not reactant with most reagentsbecause they have good orbital overlap, and their C-C and C-H bonds are strong. Alkane is not acidic nor basic due to the C-H bond and the electronegativity of both elements. Due to similarities the bond becomes a little polarity. Less polarity mean the proton loss would be difficult. Saturated fats are hydrocarbons consisting of no double bonds between carbon atoms of the datty acid chain. Excessive consumption is not good because of their association with atherosclerosis and heart diseases. Unsaturated fats are considered good to eat if you have control with you cholesterol. It increases good cholesterol or bad cholesterol. The following samples are unsaturated fats based on our results: Lard, Canola Oil, Linseed Oil, Corn Oil and Castor Oil. In chemical sense, fats  are called â€Å"unsaturated† because they have spots that could potentially be filled with hydrogen atoms. â€Å"Monounsaturated† are fats that don’t have hydrogen. â€Å"Polyunsaturated† are fats that have more than one spot of hydrogen. Summary With the use of the Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) the reaction of the samples were compared and determined whether the substance is an alkane or an alkene. It helps saturated fats from unsaturated fats by discharging its colors to the samples. After following the methods of the experiment, we began to research on some facts about the alkanes and alkenes. All of the samples of liquid at the room temperature changed its color including margarine, while butter and lard did not mix well with the Potassium permanganate (KMnO4). Conclusion Therefore we conclude that potassium permanganate (KMnO4) will have a reaction when mixed with unsaturated fats (alkenes), while saturated fats will have less reaction due to its structure because it has no double or triple bond.

East of Eden: John Fontenrose Response

East of Eden: John Fontenrose Response The basis for the story of good and evil is most often the Christian biblical stories in the book of Genesis. The classic battle of good and evil with good always triumphant over evil often stretches farther out and into our many cultures. This archaic tale is ever prevalent in all of mankind’s greatest stories in many different variations. John Steinbeck often brings this struggle to different methods of thought especially on how we view evil, as well as good.He brings this story to light using the everyday, common man in his books, Grapes of Wrath, Of Mice and Men and now East of Eden to portray the realistic side of the battle of good and evil. Many will argue that he does not have a very clear goal for presenting this idea including, John Fontenrose, in his literary criticism, â€Å"John Steinbeck: An Introduction and Interpretation† but it is quite the opposite. In John Steinbeck’s book, East of Eden, The stories of the Hamilton and Trask families get intertwined along with many other people as the theme of good and evil unfolds on them on farmland in both Salinas, California and in Connecticut.Towards the beginning of the book the good characters, Alice and Adam and the bad characters, Cyrus and Charles are clear to the reader but as the novel progresses the concept of â€Å"timshel† is introduced which redefines the concept of predestination versus free will and changes the course of each character’s limitations for better and for worse. In East of Eden Steinbeck is not unclear on his position of good and evil, rather he puts forward the way this mindset has changed over time and gives his own methodology on how the struggle of good and evil should be thought of.Often times Steinbeck shows the realism in this book with many archetypes that are not perfect and alter from time to time. This makes it hard for some people to understand his reasoning like, John Fontenrose, as he neglect s this concept when he states that the author is, â€Å"never clear about the relation of good to evil in this novel† (Fontenrose). Steinbeck purposefully creates this view so that the appearance of progression in his archetypes is shown when free will is added to his characters. In the late beginning of the book, Charles beats his brother, Adam, almost to death because of jealousy over his father’s love.It is an almost perfect allusion to the biblical story of Cain and Abel which represents an ever occurring theme throughout the book. In fact this represents one of the first introductions towards realism in the novel because these horrible events are a part of life, that of which Steinbeck does not wish to cover up. Instead of hiding them Steinbeck shows them in detail to carry the notion that the concepts of good and evil are not concrete but are situational and objective. While Charles thought he was being just, Adam most certainly did not.In part three of the book Steinbeck introduces the concept of â€Å"timshel† as discovered by Adam’s servant Lee and its many different translations, â€Å"‘Thou shalt,’ meaning that men will surely triumph over sin. But the Hebrew word timshel- ‘Thou mayest’-that gives a choice. Why, that makes a man great, †¦ for in his weakness and his filth and his murder of his brother he still has the great choice† (Steinbeck 301-302) He attempts to convince Adam and Cal of the validity of timshel and ultimately succeeds, as Adam gives Cal his blessing and Cal realizes he himself has the power to overcome his family’s legacy of evil.With the concept of Timshel, Steinbeck is not accurate, â€Å"translating the verb form timshol (not timshel as Steinbeck has it)† (Fontenrose). Steinbeck makes an almost unnoticeable symbol in the fact that the concept of â€Å"timshel or timshol† is not perfect, as shown with an incorrect translation. He proves this by having many things in the novel chosen and some not chosen, therefore not perfect free will. This is further proven by the fact that Charles in the beginning fills the Cain archetype but as timshel is introduced the archetype continues and Cal is given the freedom to break away from this destiny of Evil.Although Cal breaks free he is still partly held down by his archetype and therefore achieves balance between both good and evil. Steinbeck continues with this enigma using Cal again, having a C in his name and his assault on his brother Aron, shows his connection to Cain. Although he was not a good person, he wanted to become better which makes him superior to his brother Aron in the eyes of Steinbeck. As John Fontenrose put it â€Å"Good is identified both with admirable individual qualities and with conventional moral goodness† and with Cal â€Å"the author appears to accept Cal's label of bad for his adolescent desires and impulses. (Fontenrose 4) Steinbeck presents pr ogression by making the outcome of Cal and Aron less severe than that of Adam and Charles. Although characters in East of Eden, more often than not, are pushed to expel evil forces from themselves and pertain towards good traits, the line is much more blurred. This is most prominently seen in Cal, who, although fitting under the archetype of the biblical Cain, still strives towards good character, as seen in this passage, where he offers Aron a business opportunity after college. ‘I’ll get started and lay the foundation. Then when you finish we can be partners. I’ll have one kind of thing and you’ll have another’† (Steinbeck 536). Cal does also stir towards negative characteristics, particularly when he expresses the truth of their mother to Aron. Aron slowly becomes more and more pure as the book continues which eventually becomes his fault of being too good and not being able to deal with the evils of the world.Cal struggles with the human d esires towards good and bad, growing out of the Cain archetype and fleshing out into perhaps the most equal character in the book, neither choosing to neither reject the bad completely nor embrace the good completely. Cal breaks the notion of inherent good or evil archetypes and brings forth the realism concept of timshel. The narrator sums this up with many concepts while waxing on the perceptiveness of forces. â€Å"Some forces seem evil to us, perhaps not in themselves but because their tendency is to eliminate the things we hold well† (Steinbeck 131).The piece continues with the argument that â€Å"good and evil are relative terms†, more specifically in that Steinbeck appears to show Cal as bad when his action are of an adolescent nature and sees Aron as good when his actions reflect extreme self-indulgences. The characters are by no means clear cut in their morals; in fact, nearly every character is obscured as to whether they are altogether good or bad. By no mea ns was a fault of Steinbeck’s, rather it was an intentional move meant to portray the diverse and human characters which inhabit the story.Even when describing the changing scenery of the Salinas Valley, the character’s muddled human condition is reflected. When discussing the new church and sects which are appearing, the narrator says, â€Å"They were not pure, but they had a potential of purity, like a soiled white shirt. And any man could make something pretty fine of it within himself† (Steinbeck 217). Although the object of discussion is actually a church, the resemblance of character to the morally conflicted characters that inhabit the novel is difficult to ignore.Fontenrose’s reasons follow similar patterns, with statements such as â€Å"Good and evil are complementary† and â€Å"evil is the source of good and may even be necessary to good† essentially coming down to evil and good being necessary for the other to exist (Fontenrose 4) . Although Fontenrose is overall incorrect in his claim that good and bad have no relation in the novel, in this claim it is necessary to agree, if only because such broad terms are used. The claims which Fontenrose makes almost seem to undermine his own argument; as they do essentially prove that there are clear relations between good and evil within the novel.Overall, Steinbeck is quite distinct in his defining of morality, in which the polar opposites of good and evil coexist in such a manner that each individual has a right of choosing their path, defined by the ever-present phrase, timshel. This gives some characters the ability to gain the ideal balanced morality, not all evil and not all good. As we look deeper into the novel we see that through the many different concepts and understandings of good versus evil, Steinbeck lays down his system of how good and evil are actually perceived.

A Visit to a Fair Essay

A fair means a periodical gathering in some open place. I had got the rare opportunity of visiting the Baliyatra Fair in Cuttack. The fair was held on the full moon day in the month of Kartika. The fair is conducted every year on the bank of the Mahanadi. Thereby we commemorate our sea-trade with other countries in past. I had been to the fair with four of my friends. On our way to Cuttack, we discussed many things about our racial past. The Sadhavas of the then Kalinga were known for their richness and caliber in trade. They set sails for Java, Sumatra, China, Ceylon (Srilanka), Borneo, Indonesia, Rangoon for trade. They exchanged their goods for jewels and gold. The sea-trade does not exist now. So we float toy-boats down the stream to remember our past-glory. We reached the fair-in the evening. The place of fair was overcrowded with children, men and women. Men of different occupations had assembled there. Goods of various kinds had been brought to the Baliyatra for show and sale. People amused themselves in a great variety of ways. Some people had come to dispose of their articles. Some had come to buy and some for sightseeing. Mostly the people were from the neighboring villages. The fair continued for about a week. The place was full of stalls made of straw and bamboo. The place was spacious and there was proper sanitary arrangement. The stalls were full of fancy goods. They were giving a gorgeous look. Many people were coming to those stalls. They were in festive dress too. The dealers in shops dealt in various goods. It was a rare occasion for me to see those beautiful stalls. It relieved of my monotony. The vendors sold toys and ballons for children. There were horse-wheels and merry-go-rounds for children too. The volunteers and scouts from the high schools of the town took prominent part in controlling the crowd. There was enough enthusiasm amongst the villagers in holding the fair. We had some snacks and tea in the fair. In the fair there was display of skill in craftsmanship. We had an opportunity to visit a circus there that evening. We also purchased a few filigree works and horn works of Cuttack. Of course the prices of those articles were high. Still the people were purchasing those-things because they loved their rich tradition. A note worthy feature of the fair was that children were arguing with their guarding ns to purchase balloons and dolls in the fair. They pulled the sarees of their mothers and emended the balloons and sweets. It was an opportunity for the businessmen to reap profits. However, in book-stalls, books were being sold on rebate. I purchased a few books on Oriya literature. The police were alert in the fair to provide security to the visitors. There was fear of pick-pockets, theft and loss of goods, money and ornaments. Loudspeakers had been arranged at different places in the fair to warn the people of antisocial elements and black-marketers who sold stale sweets. The Baliyatra is a grand fair in Orissa. The visit to this fair is still afresh in my mind.

Walmart Risk Management

Options for dealing with risk Walmart’s hiring practices could improve the situation by managing the hiring practices at the manager’s level. Even though the company has a ‘no discrimination’ policy, giving full responsibility to the manager at the local level may promote prejudices that the managers themselves are not aware of . These prejudices might include providing higher salaries to male workers and a tendency to promote men over women. In the wake of the recent developments, Walmart has initiated several steps to win back the support of the women.Women comprise 70% of Walmart’s work force at the floor level. Yet, women only comprise 33% of Walmart’s management. There is no doubt that Walmart has to put policies in place that encourage and promote female employees. We propose the following options for dealing with the issue: 1. The statistics presented at the court hearing have shown that women were paid 80% of wages that men were paid f or doing the same job. The difference of pay has to be leveled immediately.Walmart can make no excuses for paying differently for the same job. If the manager at the local level is responsible for hiring and compensation, policies should strictly reinstate the need for equal pay. 2. Walmart need a woman CEO or atleast 50% women on the board of directors and 50% women in the management. Walmart is a company that is comprised mostly of women at the floor level. The customers who shop most at Walmart are also women. The company cannot but take seriously the group that comprises its largest consumer group.In the wake of the recent developments, Walmart has realized that a company is only as good as its last good deed. Walmart has used . In a New York TImes article dated September 14, 2011, Walmart announced that it planned to spend $ 20 billion over the next five years trying to source materials from women owned businesses. The article made headlines under the name â€Å"Walmart to Ann ounce women friendly plans† as the company faced the possibility of being sued by independent plaintiffs after the class action law suit had been dismissed.

British Wildlife Essay Example for Free

British Wildlife Essay Outline of species along with related anatomy, handling considerations and rehabilitation, release requirements Although the deer’s skeletal system is very similar to a dog or cat’s in terms of its basic structure, although there are some adaptations that they require in order to survive the wild. Deer have long necks which enable them to crane it so they can feed off low lying grass and other vegetation. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer are prey animals and so they require adaptations that enable them to run fast and this is why they are ‘ugulates’, (hoofed mammals). Ungulates walk on their ‘ungulis’ which is a tough outer plate of a hoof or toenail. When ungulates walk, their feet or digits do not come into contact with the ground but their hooves. Stefoff, R. (2007). This clever evolutionary asset is essential for speed. This is down to the biomechanics of how bodies move- the smaller the area that touches the ground with each stride, the greater the stride is which results in faster movement. Hooves are an extremely strong version of human fingernails strong enough not to break when under immense pressure i.e. when the deer is running. Stefoff, R. (2007).The strength of the hooves comes from the keratin which exists in thick sheets and keratin fibres which run in all directions Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer have a total of four toes on each foot. The middle two toes touch the ground and the outer two are elevated at the back, just above the hoof and are called dewclaws Stefoff, R. (2007). Metapodials in deer are elongated and form the lower part of the deer’s legs. In a deer, the femur and the humerus are short and thick in order to be able to anchor the large mass of muscle needed to propel them forward when running at high speed. Stefoff, R. (2007) Seven glands are located on the body of a deer, scattered from head to toe to assist with communication amongst the herd and is how deer differentiate between one another (interspecies communication) Nickens, E. (2009). Deer scent is made up of scent glands and their urine. Stefoff, R. (2007) Deer use a technique called ‘flehmen’; this is the act of curling back their upper lip and sucking in air. This is used to detect scents from other deer. Stefoff, R. (2007) Antler growth is an interesting area of study which provokes questioning as to why antler growth is delayed until the start of puberty and secondly, mammalian organ regeneration. Antler growth only occurs in male deer and is delayed until the start of puberty at 5 – 7 months old. No other mammal can regenerate an organ. The antlers of a 200-kg adult red deer may weigh as much 30 kg but take only 3 months to grow. Antlers are formed from pedicles; permanent bony horns on the frontal bone of the skull. Periosteal cells (Antlerogenic Periosteum) are collected in the distal parts of the cristae externae of the frontal bones. These are activated by rising androgen levels in the blood. Testosterone binds to specific sites on the AP which leads to trabecular bone being formed beneath the periosteum and a pedicle develops. There are four ossification stages in the formation of antlers in deer starting with ‘Intramembranous ossification’; this is the proliferation of antlerogenic cells and differentiation into osteoblasts. Osteoblasts form trabecular in the cellular periosteum. This then leads to ‘transitional ossification’, this initiates when pedicle reaches 5-10mm in height. Osseocartilaginous tissue is formed by the antlerogenic cells at the apical surface, which have undergone a change in differentiation pathway to form chondrocytes. The third stage is ‘pedicle endochondral ossification’ when chrondrogenesis takes place in the pedicle alone. The final ossification stage is ‘antler endochondral ossification’- antlerogenic cells maintain their chrondrogenic differentiation pathway until the very first antler has fully formed. Shiny velvet skin covering the distal end of the pedicle coincidences with antler formation. Un-branched antlers described as ‘spikers’ elongate as a result of an endochondral process in the distal tip. (Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals?) The first antler continues growing until the autumn rutting season where testosterone levels are increased once again. Cessation in longitudinal growth causes this endocrine change. Antler bone becomes fully mineralized and the overlying velvet sheds to reveal bare bone. A single unbranched antler is left attached to the pedicle until it is cast the following spring Deer antlers: a zoological curiosity or the key to understanding organ regeneration in mammals? The safest method of restraining/handling deer is to try to pull head to its flank, cover their head, hold the leg at the front and push the deer down onto the ground. This technique requires mastering so a well-trained person should only be allowed to do this. Deer bones are fragile so need to be cautious. When it comes to releasing deer, a few things need to be kept in mind when choosing a location to release them. Deer need as much woodland cover as possible, especially with a male deer as they are very much territorial creatures. It is preferred to release a deer exactly where it was found. If this is not possible i.e. the deer was found in the middle of a road then it must be released no more than 1km from where it was found. Outline of condition, clinical signs and recommended treatment Roundworm is a condition commonly seen in deer. These are internal parasites that are found in the intestines and soak up nutrients from the animal’s diet which results in the sufferer becoming malnourished and weak because they are not getting the nutrients they require. The clinical signs of a deer with worms are very hard to detect because they are prey animals and must not show signs of weakness otherwise it would make them a target for predators. Often they won’t show any signs until they are close to death. Should they show signs they would be lethargic, losing weight, scowering (lowering their head) and producing fluid faecal matter. Deer get stressed very easily and it would be unethical to try and capture them for treatment as it would be putting the person capturing the deer at risk as well as the deer as their skeletal systems are very fragile and is liable to shatter. Deer antlers are extremely dangerous because they are strong as well as being full of bacteria; deer use their antlers to fight and they also urinate on their antlers so it could infect a human quite severely. To treat worms in deer, Ivermectin â€Å"spot on† is used and is placed on the back of the deer’s neck. It is applied at 2 week intervals and, once cleared it can then be applied monthly to prevent it recurring. What are the nursing needs of this patient and condition etc Deer, ideally should be nursed in a barn or large enclosure and not kept in a veterinary practice. This is purely because they are dangerous animals and are likely to lash out or charge at humans when they feel provoked. Isolating the deer is ideal to prevent the worms passing onto other animals nearby and to avoid having to treat the others. Deer should not be isolated for too long as they can get stressed and this would not be an ethical thing to do. Discussion of legal and ethical considerations What legislation and ethical considerations are relevant Wildlife and countryside act 1981 Wildlife and natural environment (Scotland) Act 2011 http://www.nyantler-outdoors.com/deer-anatomy.html British Wildlife. (2017, Jan 06). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you