Redundancy Allocation using Multiple Weighted Objectives

Redundancy Allocation using Multiple Weighted Objectives Redundancy Allocation using multiple weighted objectives heuristic Abstract A new method for optimization of system reliability was put forward and tested. In this method, the main aim is to maximize the individual system reliability. The product of individual system reliability multiples to the reliability of the entire system. Hence the multiple weighted objective heuristic involves breaking down of the problem into multiple objectives and in turn into different single objective problem. Then this sequence is done by solving the linear programing formulation. The results obtained are efficient solutions which depends on the readily available tools. Thus, on the whole this new method is more efficient when compared to the already available practices for both efficiency and performance. INTRODUCTION of Articles The main aim of this journal is to design an optimal solution to maximize the system reliability. It involves solving a challenging nonlinear programming that is widely studied and applied. A new multiple weighted objective method was introduced by converting the problem into different individual objective to maximize each subsystem reliability for a series and parallel system. The problem is further converted to a sequential standard linear programming algorithms in a updated process. It is easily adapted process as it easily accepts problems with a mix of components with a high-performance level. Various mathematical programming and other optimization methods where solved using redundancy allocation. The redundancy allocation was solved by constraining the problem to only one type of component of the subsystem using dynamic programming. Surrogate approach is a efficient way to accommodate multiple constraints with dynamic programming. Mathematical programming approaches restricts by allowing one component choice for each subsystem. In the example shown in the figure below shows a series parallel system. For each subsystem, there are multiple, functional equivalent components available for used. The design involves single component selection for each subsystem or multiple components selected in parallel. The decision variables for redundancy allocation are choice of components and level of redundancy. The MWO involves converting single objective into multiple sub objectives. The next step is to combine multiple objectives into single objective into single objectives using objective weights. Different optimization was implemented with integer programming and using max-min concept to obtain an optimal pareto solution. Nomenclature Xij number of components of type j used in subsystem i R(x)- System reliability Ri(xi)- reliability of subsystem i Wi objective weight assigned to the ith subsystem Rimin- minimum subsystem reliability for subsystem i Explanation of the work presented in journal articles The objective of the problem is to maximize the system reliability R(x), given the constraints of the system which is mainly a series-parallel system. There are mi functionally equivalent components available with different reliability, cost and weight for each subsystem. There are two general solution strategies for multiple objective problem. The first strategy is to obtain a composite function by combining the multiple objective functions. The second strategy is by obtaining a pareto-optimal set which is not a very effective method for the series-parallel configuration system, as there would be only possible optimal solution for one subsystem with very high reliability and other with very low reliability. The solution may have a feasible optimal outcome technically but practically it is a very poor solution for the series-parallel configuration. The formulation consists of several distinctive features that is presented. First is by transformation method to obtain an equivalent linear formulation for the redundancy allocation problem by using standard integer formulation tools and features. The second is that this formulation allows mixing the part components as a linearized formulation and hence not limiting the solution space. A sequence of Algebraic operations is used to convert multiple objective problem into equivalent subsystem problem. Numerical weights are combined to result in multiple objectives. All objectives are equally important and are assigned with equal weights as failure is caused due to failure of any independent system. A initial system design solution is derived by obtaining the solution for the problem. There are several possible possibilities to create a new problem. There are two alternatives, one is to increase iteratively and systematically the objective weights. And the other is to iteratively add constraints and reduce the minimum subsystem reliability. The original problem formulation, and the surrogate multiple objective formulation, are presented below as Problems P1 P2. Problem 1: Problem 2 : Problem P3 is a nonlinear integer programming that is difficult to solve. An equivalent linear programming is formulated through a series of objective transformation. An equivalent objective function has the same optimal solution. Discussion of Contributions The MWO heuristic depends on an other or surrogate detailing. For the surrogate issue, the goal is to maximize the reliability of every subsystem exclusively to form a multiple objective optimization. It is coherent that, if the dependability of every subsystem is increased, then the entire system reliability will likewise be high. By taking different problem and different general solution to combine various individual solution into a combined single objective solution for the system. The author considers different distinct characteristics and cases for formulating a linear programming for redundancy allocation. He undertakes two different strategies, first being transforming the standard integer programming tools and software. The second he combines parts for linear formulation and not restricting the solution space. He formulated an equivalent linear program that is obtained series of objective transformation for a non-linear integer programming which is usually difficult to solve. An similar constant value is subtracted by which the optimal solution is not changed. Maximization problem is converted to minimization problem. The solution that maximizes the system reliability also maximizes the subsystem reliability. Discussion of Dificiency and Potential Improvements The parameter that limits the process in this method is the solution time. Small problems that are less than five subsystems can be solved by integer programming formulation for many combinational problem, but for large problems that are greater than ten subsystems it is theoretically impossible to solve. In this process, most instances were solved in under 15 seconds. If by taking in account the size of the problem obtained from the CPU is very promising. Summary The multiple heuristic depends on the original problem into a multiple objective problem. The solution for this optimization problem can be determined by this method in an effective way. Many examples were tested using this method and the results that were obtained was good. It can give a fast check of feasibility for nonlinear problem formulations and for more difficult problem. It has simplicity and ease of implementation; the heuristic was proved to be a good process to solve the redundancy allocation problem. The concern about the applicability of the MWO2 heuristic was solution time. References David W. Coit and Abdullah Konak Multiple Weighted Objectives Heuristic for the Redundancy Allocation Problem ieee transactions on reliability, vol. 55, no. 3, september 2006. W. Kuo, V. Prasad, F. Tillman, and C. L. Hwang, Optimal Reliability Design: Fundamentals and Applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000. D. W. Coit and A. E. Smith, Reliability optimization for series-parallel systems using a genetic algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 254-260, June 1996. Probability of Failure Probability of Failure Mode Possible Failure Rate Probability Ranking Very High : Failure is almost inevitable à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 2 .50 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 1.00 10 Very High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 3 .33 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 9 High : repeated Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 8 .125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 8 High à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 20 .05 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 7 Moderate : Occasional Failures à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 80 .0125 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 6 Moderate à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 400 .0025 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 5 Moderate : Infrequent Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 2000 .0005 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p .0025 4 Low : Relatively Few Failure à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 15,000 .0000667 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 3 Low à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 150,000 6.7 x 10^-6 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 2 Remote : failure is Unlikely à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 1 in 1,500,000 6.7 x 10^-7 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ p 1 Likelihood of Detection Detection Criteria Ranking Almost Impossible No known way detect failure mode 10 Very Remote Very unlikely to detect failure mode 9 Remote Unlikely to detect failure mode 8 Very low Very low chance to detect failure mode 7 Low Low Chance to detect failure mode 6 Moderate Moderate chance to detect failure mode 5 Moderately High Moderately high chance to detect failure mode 4 High Likely to detect failure mode 3 Very High Very likely to detect failure mode 2 Almost Certain Will almost certainly detect failure mode 1 Severity Rating Severity Criteria Ranking Hazardous-without Warning May endanger operator; noncompliance with regulations; affects the safe use of the product; failure will occur without warning 10 Hazardous-with Warning May endanger operator, noncompliance with regulations; affects the safe use of the product; failure will occur with warning. 9 Very High Process or product inoperable with loss of primary function; major disruption to the production line; product may have to be scrapped; customer very dissatisfied 8 High Process or product operable but at reduced level of performance; minor disruption to production line; the product may have to be sorted and a proportion ( less that 100%) scrapped; customer dissatisfied 7 Moderate Process or product operable but comfort or convenience items inoperable; minor disruption to production line; a portion (less than   100%) of the product may have to be scrapped (no sorting); customer experience discomfort 6 Low Process or product operable but comfort or convenience at reduced level of performance ; minor disruption to production line; a 100% of the product may have to be reworked; customer experience some dissatisfaction 5 Very Low Minor disruption to production line; product may have to be sorted and a portion ( less that 100% ) reworked; cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance ) noticed by most customer 4 Minor Minor disruption to production line;   a portion of the product may have to be   ( less than 100%) reworked on-line but out of station cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance) noticed by average customer 3 Very Minor Minor disruption to production line; a portion of the product may have to be (less that 100%) reworked on-line but in-station; cosmetic (fit and finish) defect (nonconformance) noticed by discrimination customers 2 None No Effect 1 Failure Analysis The motive of RCM is not to prevent the failure but to preserve the functions. Initially the focus was mainly on preventing failure of every maintenance schedule. But the products became more complex and maintenance cost increase in absolute terms as well as percentage of the products total life cycle cost. Soon it was clear the preventing the failure was technically and economically impractical. Instead, they came up with the solution of preserving the function of the system which lead to the development of RCM technique. Failure Identifying the functions and their function failure is an important step in RCM. Study about the failure mode identification will also have a greater impact on the system reliability. Some of the Type of Failures are Function Failure When the system fails to perform to do its intended function then its referred as Functional Failure. The mission and motive of the system will be directly be affected when the function fails. To understand about the functional failure a deep study has to been carried out on the required function. Evident failure When the failure is evident or is been made to evident to the operator, the failure is said to be an evident failure. Later, Display, dial or gauges, audible or alarms or other forms of instrument alert the operator to the failure. Hidden Failure A hidden failure is a functional failure of an item that has occurred, which has not made any impact to the system, and also not evident to the operator, but which can cause a function failure to the end system. Because of the redundancy nature of the system, the system will not fail for the single point of failure. The system will lose its function on a multiple failures.

Deception Point Page 31

More laughter this time. â€Å"And,† she said, glancing down at the bottom of the screen, â€Å"I had certainly not imagined I would be sitting at the President's desk†¦ much less on it!† This brought a hearty laugh and some broad smiles. Rachel felt her muscles starting to relax. Just give it to them straight. â€Å"Here's the situation.† Rachel's voice now sounded like her own. Easy and clear. â€Å"President Herney has been absent from the media spotlight this past week not because of his lack of interest in his campaign, but rather because he has been engrossed in another matter. One he felt was far more important.† Rachel paused, her eyes making contact now with her audience. â€Å"There has been a scientific discovery made in a location called the Milne Ice Shelf in the high Arctic. The President will be informing the world about it in a press conference tonight at eight o'clock. The find was made by a group of hardworking Americans who have endured a string of tough luck lately and deserve a break. I'm talking about NASA. You can be proud to know that your President, with apparent clairvoyant confidence, has made a point of standing beside NASA lately through thick and thin. Now, it appears his loyalty is going to be rewarded.† It was not until that very instant that Rachel realized how historically momentous this was. A tightness rose in her throat, and she fought it off, plowing onward. â€Å"As an intelligence officer who specializes in the analysis and verification of data, I am one of several people the President has called upon to examine the NASA data. I have examined it personally as well as conferring with several specialists-both government and civilian-men and women whose credentials are beyond reproach and whose stature is beyond political influence. It is my professional opinion that the data I am about to present to you is factual in its origins and unbiased in its presentation. Moreover, it is my personal opinion that the President, in good faith to his office and the American people, has shown admirable care and restraint in delaying an announcement I know he would have loved to have made last week.† Rachel watched the crowd before her exchanging puzzled looks. They all returned their gaze to her, and she knew she had their undivided attention. â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen, you are about to hear what I'm sure you will agree is one of the most exciting pieces of information ever revealed in this office.† 35 The aerial view currently being transmitted to the Delta Force by the microbot circling inside the habisphere looked like something that would win an avant-garde film contest-the dim lighting, the glistening extraction hole, and the well-dressed Asian lying on the ice, his camel-hair coat splayed around him like enormous wings. He was obviously trying to extract a water sample. â€Å"We've got to stop him,† said Delta-Three. Delta-One agreed. The Milne Ice Shelf held secrets his team was authorized to protect with force. â€Å"How do we stop him?† Delta-Two challenged, still gripping the joystick. â€Å"These microbots are not equipped.† Delta-One scowled. The microbot currently hovering inside the habisphere was a recon model, stripped down for longer flight. It was about as lethal as a housefly. â€Å"We should call the controller,† Delta-Three stated. Delta-One stared intently at the image of the solitary Wailee Ming, perched precariously on the rim of the extraction pit. Nobody was anywhere near him-and ice cold water had a way of muffling one's ability to scream. â€Å"Give me the controls.† â€Å"What are you doing?† the soldier on the joystick demanded. â€Å"What we were trained to do,† Delta-One snapped, taking over. â€Å"Improvise.† 36 Wailee Ming lay on his stomach beside the extraction hole, his right arm extended over the rim trying to extract a water sample. His eyes were definitely not playing tricks on him; his face, now only a yard or so from the water, could see everything perfectly. This is incredible! Straining harder, Ming maneuvered the beaker in his fingers, trying to reach down to the surface of the water. All he needed was another few inches. Unable to extend his arm any farther, Ming repositioned himself closer to the hole. He pressed the toes of his boots against the ice and firmly replanted his left hand on the rim. Again, he extended his right arm as far as he could. Almost. He shifted a little closer. Yes! The edge of the beaker broke the surface of the water. As the liquid flowed into the container, Ming stared in disbelief. Then, without warning, something utterly inexplicable occurred. Out of the darkness, like a bullet from a gun, flew a tiny speck of metal. Ming only saw it for a fraction of a second before it smashed into his right eye. The human instinct to protect one's eyes was so innately ingrained, that despite Ming's brain telling him that any sudden movements risked his balance, he recoiled. It was a jolting reaction more out of surprise than pain. Ming's left hand, closest to his face, shot up reflexively to protect the assaulted eyeball. Even as his hand was in motion, Ming knew he had made a mistake. With all of his weight leaning forward, and his only means of support suddenly gone, Wailee Ming teetered. He recovered too late. Dropping the beaker and trying to grab on to the slick ice to stop his fall, he slipped-plummeting forward into the darkened hole. The fall was only four feet, and yet as Ming hit the icy water head first he felt like his face had hit pavement at fifty miles an hour. The liquid that engulfed his face was so cold it felt like burning acid. It brought an instantaneous spike of panic. Upside down and in the darkness, Ming was momentarily disoriented, not knowing which way to turn toward the surface. His heavy camel-hair coat kept the icy blast from his body-but only for a second or two. Finally righting himself, Ming came sputtering up for air, just as the water found its way to his back and chest, engulfing his body in a lung-crushing vise of cold. â€Å"Hee†¦ lp,† he gasped, but Ming could barely pull in enough air to let out a whimper. He felt like the wind had been knocked out of him. â€Å"Heee†¦ lp!† His cries were inaudible even to himself. Ming clambered toward the side of the extraction pit and tried to pull himself out. The wall before him was vertical ice. Nothing to grab. Underwater, his boots kicked the side of the wall, searching for a foothold. Nothing. He strained upward, reaching for the rim. It was only a foot out of reach. Ming's muscles were already having trouble responding. He kicked his legs harder, trying to propel himself high enough up the wall to grab the rim. His body felt like lead, and his lungs seemed to have shrunk to nothing, as if they were being crushed by a python. His water-laden coat was getting heavier by the second, pulling him downward. Ming tried to pull it off his body, but the heavy fabric stuck. â€Å"Help†¦ me!† The fear came on in torrents now. Drowning, Ming had once read, was the most horrific death imaginable. He had never dreamed he would find himself on the verge of experiencing it. His muscles refused to cooperate with his mind, and already he was fighting just to keep his head above water. His soggy clothing pulled him downward as his numb fingers scratched the sides of the pit. His screams were only in his mind now. And then it happened. Ming went under. The sheer terror of being conscious of his own impending death was something he never imagined he would experience. And yet here he was†¦ sinking slowly down the sheer ice wall of a two-hundred-foot-deep hole in the ice. Multitudes of thoughts flashed before his eyes. Moments from his childhood. His career. He wondered if anyone would find him down here. Or would he simply sink to the bottom and freeze there†¦ entombed in the glacier for all time.

Transitional Housing Program For The United States Essay

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Descriptive Personal Experience Essay - 1444 Words

So, there I sat, seat G4 on the train headed to nowhere. I didn’t have a destination; I never really did. I guess that’s just the type of person I was, someone who just hopped on a train for the ride. I always liked trains. I don’t know what it was about them, but for some reason or another, I always found myself lounging in the same spot drinking hot cocoa. People always said that hot chocolate â€Å"was only for kids† but I never got that; I had a pretty strong distaste for coffee. Honestly, I hate it, the way it makes your teeth gritty to the point where you need something else to drink. I can’t even enjoy a cup unless it’s lighter than my own skin tone, which, by the way, is pretty pale. I mean I wouldn’t call myself pasty but†¦ Anyhow, it†¦show more content†¦My mother raised me right, so I understood how wrong this was, but don’t worry, nothing I had been thinking was going to leave my thick skull. 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Network Product Development Company Security Issue

IoT Integration in Network Product Development Company : Security issue –Critical Literature Review. Introduction: The Internet of Things (IoT) sometimes known as Internet of objects. Internet of Things later will change to Internet of Everything which includes education, communication, business, science, government, and humanity. The internet is one of the most important and powerful creations in human history (Evan, 2011). The high volumes of data generated by IoT and technologies for the similar environment can flawlessly integrate classical networks with network devices. In this paper, I am going to provide systematic details of data mining, analysis and outlier analysis. The new analytic application will be also consider after successful delivery of required result. This literature review also provides a different perspective of Research topic’s Journal. The objective of this literature review will be providing services to IoT based business. These services include it sustainable solution for the IoT security threat and issue. My literature will provide critical review by bringing up similar topic from different journals. Researcher perspective for IoT security issue: Article 1 An article published by Hegal Bar-El (2015) in InnovationInsight, IDC a researcher firm IoT market will reach $3 trillion and 30 billion devices will used by 2020. As per Bar-El (2015) five challenges with IoT security and these are as below: 1. Different IoT devices have different processingShow MoreRelatedThe Current World Population Of The Internet Essay1334 Words   |  6 Pagesin comparison to the number of devices connected to the internet. Is estimated that over 10 billion devices were connected in 2015 and that number is expected to double or triple within the next half decade [1]. 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To kill a mocking bird Free Essays

To Kill a Mockingbird Courage cannot be defined with simple words but rather by an individual’s actions. Despite many different definitions courage is someone’s internal fortitude to do something that may frighten others. In To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, Gem’s definition of courage changes from the beginning to the end of the book. We will write a custom essay sample on To kill a mocking bird or any similar topic only for you Order Now At the beginning of the book Gem’s definition of courage is from an innocent perspective and by the end of the book Gem has an experienced definition of courage. Gem learns the lea definition of courage from it being demonstrated in his everyday life in Macomb. At the beginning of Harper Lee’s , To Kill a Mockingbird Gem shows a naive, innocent view of courage because of his fears. Dill dears Gem to touch the Raddled house, which has always been one of his worst fears. Gem displays courage by touching the Raddled and hides his angst when reporting back to Dill and Scout. Gem dreads touching the Raddled house only because of his scary childlike imagination. Lee writes,†Gem threw open the gate and sped to the side of the house, slapped it with is alma and ran back past us†(118). Gem’s courage comes into play when he is told to do something he terrifies by his peers. Gem continues to demonstrate an innocent perspective of courage in the early part of the novel. Gem still has an inexperienced view of courage because he is still at a youth and is immature to his surroundings. Gem’s youthful imagination forms ideas to get in contact with the horrifying Boo Raddled. He decides to put a note on a fishing pole and stick it threw the Raddled window. The note was asking Boo out for ice cream, so the children can meet him. Harper Lee says, â€Å"Were asking him real politely to come out sometimes, and tell us what he does in there – we said we wouldn’t hurt him and we’d buy him an ice cream† (62). Gem’s perspective of courage is slowly starting to advance because he was scared to death when he first went on the Raddled property. Gem demonstrates an innocent perspective on courage by engaging in childish games but he begins to learn the real view of courage by witnessing his dad in action. Gem believes Tactics doesn’t have courage until he shoots the Mad Dog to save the community from harm, UT Gem’s view is still a naive one. The Mad Dog is beginning to approach in the distance when Officer Heck Tate throws Tactics the gun. Tactics takes the gun and walks to the center of the street showing no hesitation. Even though Tactics hasn’t shot a gun in 30 years he kills Mad Dog with a single shot showing an outrageous amount of courage. Lee states, â€Å"In the fog, Gem watched our father take the gun and walk out into the middle of the street† (127). Tactics has an abundant amount of courage, even to something that he hasn’t done in 30 years. Although Gem thinks Tactics shooting the dog is courageous, he learns the real definition through the actions of Mrs.. Dubos. Gem’s adult definition of courage is beginning to form from experience in the Macomb community. Gem learns the real definition of courage from Mrs.. Dubos who was a recovering morphine addict . Mrs.. Dubos makes a goal for herself to die free of her weakness. She dies UN-addicted to morphine and she is Gem’s real definition of courage. Harper Lee says, â€Å"When you are licked before you begin but you begin anyway and see it through no matter what† (119). Mrs.. Double’s fight exemplifies to Gem, no matter how hard something looks to never give up. Mrs.. Dubos didn’t give up on her morphine addiction and came out on top. Mrs.. Debase teaches Gem the true definition of courage, and Gem does a fantastic Job exemplifying it in front of the courthouse. Gem is beginning to have an experienced adult like sense of courage. In front of the courthouse Tactics is sitting one night and the mob shows up asking to see Tom Robinson. Gem and the kids run to Tactics because they knew his life is in danger. Tactics tells the kids to leave and Gem shows an extraordinary amount of courage saying that he wasn’t leaving. A mob member grabbers Gem telling Tactics he will make him leave. Scout stares kicking the man in the shins and eventually put Gem down. Gem still refuses to leave his father and tells him we are staying. Lee says† Tactics stood trying to make Gem mind him. I ant going was his steady answer to Attic’s threat request and finally † please take them home Gem† (204). Gem not leaving his fathers side until the mob departed shows how courageous Gem is becoming. Gem demonstrates an innocent perspective on courage by engaging in childish games, but he begins to learn the real view of courage witnessing his dad in action. Gem is beginning to demonstrate a more experienced sense of courage, from confronting the mob to saving Scout from Bob Lowell. Although Gem previously had a naive perspective of courage he now has a more experienced and adult like sense of courage. Gem and Scout are attacked when walking home from the Halloween play. Gem pushes Bob Lowell off of Scout saving her from any serious injuries. If Gem didn’t push Bob Lowell off of Scout then he would eve mostly likely stabbed and killed her. Gem Jumped in and freed Scout from being harmed potentially in any way. Harper Lee states, â€Å"His stomach was soft but his arms were like steel. He slowly squeezed the breath out of me. I could not move. Suddenly he Jerked me back and forth to the ground, almost carrying me with him† (351). Gem will not let Bob Lowell hurt his little sister in anyway so he does everything in his power to protect her from being injured. After Gem learns the real actions of courage and has an experienced view he saves Scout from Bob Lowell. How to cite To kill a mocking bird, Papers To Kill a Mocking Bird Free Essays In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mocking Bird, Atticus Finch possesses many characteristics that shape him as a man, a lawyer and a father. Atticus is a wise man, devoted to justice and equality, and who feels it is his duty to live his public life as he does his private life. Atticus is also a very honest and loving father who has nothing but the best intentions for his children, Scout and Jem. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird or any similar topic only for you Order Now Atticus is devoted to putting his legal profession before his self-image, or public perception, and is able to realize that the individual worth of a man without incorporating physical appearances. All the positive characteristics Atticus Finch possesses contribute to the reason why he is very respected and liked by most of the people of Macomb County as well as his family and close friends. Atticus living his public life as he does his private life defines what he stands for and holds a duty he feels is important for him to fulfill as a man. When Atticus and Sherriff Heck Tate discuss what caused Bob Ewell’s death the night he attacked Jem and Scout, the Sheriff tells Atticus that Bob killed himself when he fell on his knife. However, Atticus does not believe Heck and he believes that Jem killed Bob and tells Heck Tate â€Å"If they [Scout and Jem] hear me saying downtown something different happened-Heck I wont have them anymore. I cant live one way in town and another way in my home. †(367) This quote shows Atticus is willing and devoted to make any sacrifice to live an honest and unconcealed life including letting the public know, Jem killed Bob Ewell. Atticus always tries to be the best father he can by trying to get his kids to notice and appreciate all of the good things that are present in the world even in such a prejudice and discriminatory town such as Maycomb during the 1930’s. When Atticus and Jem are talking about the recently deceased Mrs. Dubose, Atticus tells Jem. â€Å"Courage is not a man with a gun in his hand. It is knowing you’re licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what. You rarely win, but sometimes you do. †(149) By telling this to Jem Atticus taught Jem an important life lesson. He taught Jem success is not always about winning, but instead just trying to fight for a good cause. Atticus believed you were successful if you fought for a good cause, even if you failed. Atticus is committed to always doing the right thing when it comes to his profession whether it means he will be risking his reputation or even his life. This trait of Atticus is clearly demonstrated when Scout questions Atticus about the Tom Robinson case and says, â€Å"Atticus, are we going to win it† and he replies â€Å"No, honey† which leads to her question â€Å"Then why-† (101). Atticus is revealing to Scout that even though he has more to lose than to gain out of this situation he is accepting of that because he is doing what his conscience is telling him is the noble, fair thing to do, and he is trying to ignore all the negative influences that appears to him in Maycomb County. This is also revealed when Atticus is protecting Tom from a group of dangerous men who are looking for revenge outside the jail. Atticus holds them off and risks his own safety to protect Tom because he knew Tom did not deserve what those men outside the jail were looking to do to him that night. Atticus is a humble, honest and devoted man. He is one of the few people in society who puts the needs of others before himself. By sharing the characteristics he acquired over many years with his children he is supporting them with the foundation to living a morally good life according to the standards of what they believe is right and wrong and not what it is made out to be by society. By sharing his knowledge and skills as a lawyer with those who are wrongfully convicted he is establishing justice in those parts in which justice seems not to exist. Atticus Finch is a man of good moral who sets a perfect example for those who are looking for a role model, a hero, and a loving father. How to cite To Kill a Mocking Bird, Papers

Accounting Atrill Morgan free essay sample

Mongo Mann Duty Word count: 1175 Accounting Is a subject that Is relevant to business enterprises, especially operating, financial accounting, and managerial accounting Information. There are many ways to define the work engaged In by the accountants. However, In this accounting course. We only focus on 2 famous professors who have 2 different definitions of the accounting career: Peter Trill and Garret Morgan.These 2 doctors gave dissimilar knowledge about accounting but it is still useful to accountants or decision makers. This essay will explain these 2 definitions of both Morgan and Trill, and a critical discussion that supports my opinion about the better description of the work of accountants. Firstly, Morgan proves that accountants are constructors of reality. Through the definitions in Accounting as a metaphorical enterprise, Accounting and the myth of objectivity, and Accounting as an interpretive art (Accounting, Organizations and Society, 1 988, p. 90, 491 ,492), although accountants are confused by the process of reality construction, they still grasp and articulate complex realities into a fully- instituted entity. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounting Atrill Morgan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Moreover, accountants also have to catch and understand deeply the situations they are facing in a much more open-ended interpretive mode to broaden development as well as create intelligent or actionable insights. Garret Morgan also expresses clearly about the role of accounting that: ;accountants often see themselves as engaged in an objective, value-free, technical enterprise, representing reality as is.But in fact, they are subjective constructors of reality: presenting and representing the situations In limited and one-sided ways. They are tot just technicians practicing a technical craft. They are part of a much broader process of reality construction, producing partial and rather one-sided views of reality, exactly as an artist Is obliged to produce a partial view of the reality he or she wished to represent (Accounting, Organizations and Society, 1988, p. 477). Dry Morgan alms to demonstrate that accountants are not only technicians who serve In a technical craft enterprise as a tool. They do not only collect data and give It to users, but also study and analyze It. Accountants use the numerical figures to express their understanding about the measurement provided and find out what would be the best way In their collected Information to release statement and their current situation. Therefore, they can control their operating business in right ways. Is quite different.Dry Trill suggests that accounting is the process of identifying, measuring and communication information to permit informed Judgments and decisions by users of the information (Accounting an introduction 4, p. 2). Accounting provides useful information for decision-makers who need to plan or control the businesses. For example, accounting provides information about the business operation or the performance of the business to external parties such as investors, creditors, and tax authorities or relevant users like suppliers or investors to examine, estimate, value, and make a decision (Principles of Accounting, 2009).It also can be easily seen that the main purpose of accounting is preparing financial reports on a regular basic to perform to show the problems that company is facing if it is bad or not. Then, the company can find out the best way for the performance in the business enterprise. Besides, accounting also focus on measuring the alternative element in operating process such as what was the position at the beginning and ending of the period and what happened during the period to help their users to make rational choices about the allocation of scare resources (Accounting an introduct ion 4, p. ). Finally, in a simplified way, Peter Trill suggests an easy way to define the role of accounting: Accounting is the art of recording, summarizing, reporting, and analyzing financial transactions (What is Accounting, 2006). It cannot be denied that counting is very important and necessary for every organization to collect and analyze information to make right decisions, adopt, and control better the performance in their business. Notice that the accountants relate to Trills principle can satisfy their customers easily but without considerations about the information given to user.Meanwhile, according to Garret Morgan, it is not simply only to record, summarize, report or analyze data and give it to users. Accountants need to be more sensitive and careful to the information collected. They have to ensure that what they are counting for will be appropriate and clear. So that, the y can provide a critical understanding of the multiple meanings and range of possible actions with which they are faced, then can develop the knack of reading complex situations with various scenarios in mind, and of forging actions appropriate to the understandings obtained (Organizations and Society, 1988, p. 84). Moreover, accountants relate to Moorings principle get their clear Job to construct the reality. Accountants are not like practitioners working in a technical craft anymore. They do not only collect and analyze data like general, but they also have an influence integral to the operation of company or organization, even they can bring the company significant benefits or advantages. However, every company considers the pros and cons in this definition; everything gets its 2 opposite sides.Accountants may have uncontrollable activities when they got more power in the company or organization by changing the entity. Because of the involvement of many financial transactions and the accountants have their own ways to record and interpret the numbers, data or information, so, the ant to attract the investment from users although there is a bad situation that their company is incurring. And then, who get the highest risk are still users because they cannot know whether the information they r eceived is accurate or not. In another case, there is an example about the decision to write the purchase of an asset off as an expense right away or capitalize and then depreciate it. Whichever decision is made changes the picture represented by the books. I might choose to capitalize the asset, while another might choose to expense it. Hence, there are 2 possible different pictures. And thats Just for one transaction.Over the years, two different accountants would generally have created quite different sets of books pictures for the same set of financial transactions (Accounting definition-Garret Morgan, 2009). These 2 above examples referred 2 limitations in Moorings definition. However, the definition of Garret Morgan is still more adequate than Trills one because Morgan concentrate deeply not only on the accountants tasks but also on the reality and broader concept of the nature and role of accounting in companies.In addition, it also considers the tension that exits between the world as viewed by the accountant, and the world in a wide sense which help accountants easily characterize relations between accounting, organizations and society. In conclusion, Peter Trill and Garret Morgan are popular with their definitions. Everyone has their own explanations and suggestions about the role of accounting. Overall, Although there are some dark sides in Moorings theory and Trill defines with easier theory to understand, Moorings definition still have better description.