Translation, Quotation and Truth :: Mathematical Mathematics Math Essays

Translation, Quotation and Truth ABSTRACT: If logical truth is truth due solely to syntactic form, then mathematics is distinct from logic, even if all mathematical truths are derivable from definitions and logical principles. This is often obscured by the plausibility of the Synonymy Substitution Principle that is implicit in the Fregean conception of analyticity: viz., that synonyms are intersubstitutable without altering sentence sense. Now, unlike logical truth, mathematical truth is not due to syntax, so synonym interchange in mathematical truths preserves sentence syntax, sense, and mathematical necessity. Mathematical necessity, therefore, differs from both logical and lexical necessity. Alonzo Church's Translation Test is supposed to evaluate alleged necessary equivalences. The basic idea is that (correct) translation is meaning preserving, so if some disparity between the alleged equivalents appears under translation, the sentences are inequivalent. The Test translations are essentially synonym substitutions. The translation sentence is to have the syntax of the original, and to differ only morphemically, by synonym subbing. Supposedly, whether the translations are inter-language or intra-language has no logical import. Either way, the underlying and seemingly unassailable principle is that synonym subbing transmits sentence sense. This Synonym Substitution Principle extends to subbing of coreferring proper names by taking their meaning to be their reference. The Test's derivation from this Principle should spark suspicions for two reasons. First, the Principle seems to entail the Test's inutility, for, presumably, any disparity appearing under translation but not appearing in the original must be a discrepancy in and of the translation. If the Principle is platitudinous, the Test should be profitless. This isn't the old Paradox of Analysis. Synonymies aren't analyses. Genuine analyses are translanguistic necessary truths knowable a priori; synonymies are contingent notational equivalences knowable only a posteriori. Unlike analysis, the assumption that translation can be informative for a competent bilingual needs justification. The Test's pet targets are peculiarly Carnapian theses: e.g., that belief attributions like Mother believes Roger is nearby are semantic equivalents of speech attributions like Mother accepts "Roger is nearby". The Test's plausibility and popularity may owe much to its confirming incredulity about independently refutable theses. We knew pre-Church that my dog Mother's believing her master is nearby doesn't entail any wagging at an English sentence. Another curiosity in the Test is that translation seems to reveal disparities not otherwise evident solely with talk about talk and thought, in the relation between direct and indirect discourse. The Test gets touted only with instantiations of alleged logical or analytical principles wherein, allegedly, a quotation embedding sentence mutually entails a quotationless sentence.

Hamlet and His Home Essay examples -- William Shakespeare Hamlet Essay

Hamlet and His Home Hamlet begins at the open mouth of the Void. Barnardo and Francisco call out to each other and into darkness; they stand atop a guard platform that is naked to the open air and to the night. Every character's entrance is marked by a series of interrogatives, as characters already on stage try to ascertain the identity of those who are newly arrived and yet unseen. Darkness isolates these men from each other as they stand on the edge of civilization, the place where the solid stones of Elsinore castle open up into the world of night and the supernatural. The nature of the ghost remains debatable: Horatio has initially insisted that the guards' delusions have conjured the phantom (1.1.21), and, even accepting the reality of the apparition, Catholic teaching (ghosts are spirits of the dead coming up from purgatory) and Protestant doctrine (all ghostly apparitions are demons in disguise) hold divergent opinions on the nature and source of phantoms (Garber 12/15). The men have gather ed together on the guard platform, which has become a kind of stage within a stage. They have come to see a visitor who is a creature of hallucination, purgatory, or hell. This ghost is coming out of the open maw of night above and around the platform; what is known clings to the battlements, and all else in existence hails from the empty, the unknown, the imagined, the demonic. When Barnardo reports to Marcellus, "I have seen nothing" (1.1.20), the word "nothing" takes on a number of meanings. He has not seen the apparition; gazing out into the dark, he has barely seen anything at all. But "seeing" is still phrased in the positive, and so "nothing" becomes something to see. It is more than absence: emptiness itself exists as an ... ...st famous moments deal with a nothing that is the absence of what is known: as Hamlet asks what it would be not to be, the ultimate opaqueness of death is fearsome enough to make him go on living. It is too much for the prince to stare Nothing in the face. Later, in the play's most famous tableau, Hamlet literally stares at an embodiment of Nothing as he holds Yorick's skull. The skull's eye sockets are without subjectivity, empty of their tenant organs and the mind that saw through them; they contain, in a word, "nothing." But from their hollows something maddeningly elusive stares back: simultaneously a presence and an absence, as haunting as Hamlet's own dead father, and opaque as the darkness that envelopes Elsinore. Part of the play's power is in this substantive "nothing," a portal of slippage that relentlessly destabilizes what is known and what is knowable.

Animal Farm Compare and Contrast

Many books are made into movies whether people realize it or not. Some movies could be very well done, and others completely terrible. When the producers of Animal Farm made the book into a movie, they did not do as well as they could have. The book and movie of Animal Farm can be compared in many ways through their differences, similarities, and even why it contains the changes it does. Animal Farm was written to ridicule communism and the idea of a perfect world. The movie made it seem like a comical story of animals trying to run a farm, when it really is not.The narrators of both are very different. In the book, the narrator is not a character and does not show any bias at all. That makes it very easy to understand the main idea. Whereas in the movie, one of the characters plays the narrator keeping the movie in only one perspective. Mollie, who represents the bourgeoisie, flees because she does not like the way things are going in the book. However in the movie, she sticks aroun d and never leaves. The bourgeoisie did not like the idea of changing their ways in the idea of communism, and her role was not clear in the movie.The windmill in the book gets knocked down and Napoleon blames Snowball for it, in the movie Frederick knocks it over which does not make sense because Frederick symbolizes England. Another big difference is how the wood deal in the book represented the Non-Aggression Pact between Russia and Germany, and in the movie there wasn’t really any such thing except for a meeting with Napoleon and Pilkington, and all they did was get drunk. That occurs towards the end, and then the movie ends with a scene of a new family moving into the farm house.That family is John F. Kennedy’s and that really does not have anything to do with the book. The end of the book is a meeting with every other farm and Napoleon playing a card game. The card game represents the beginning of the Cold War. Aside from all of the differences, there are few imp ortant similarities. The similarities can also compare the two stories even though there are few. The seven commandments are a big similarity. Old Major mentions at the beginning of both stories some â€Å"rules† the animals should live by.How they are written down is the same, including how they eventually get changed. The pigs start to develop human-like characteristics and that makes for a lot of fall out towards the end. The saying, â€Å"Four legs good, two legs bad†, is the same for both and even gets changed to the same thing, too. Squealer is a huge manipulator in both story lines. He convinces the animals that Napoleon does everything to better them and even covers up some suspicions the other animals have. Since Animal Farm is about Soviet Russia and their revolution, it contains a lot of historical satire.The movie makers most likely changed many parts of the book so that it would be humorous for a younger audience, completely lacking the main points. The mo vie would have been a lot better if it was the same as the book and was animated. However, movie makers probably did not make it animated so that it would not seem child like. Even though they did not succeed at making the movie like the book, if it was animated it could have been more enjoyable. The differences, similarities, and why it contains the changes it does are all ways to compare the Animal Farm movie to the book.Movies that are based on books should really be more like the book so that it doesn’t seem like two different stories. That could confuse the reader/watcher if they are not very similar. This movie should not be recommended if the reader of the book wants to watch a movie thinking it would be like the book because it is not very correct at all. The movie should be somewhat similar due to the fact that it is a historical satire. The book should be read though because it is a great example of what power does to people, and it is very historically correct on t he events in the Russian Revolution.

Agenecy-Level Protest vs Gao Protest

Few agencies make their agency-level statistics available, so the data is lacking to track trends and draw conclusions concerning agency protest handling. (Nacke & Ralston 2011) The Unites States Government Accountability Office (GAO) is another protest agency that provides a venue for companies to protest a government agency’s actions during the procurement process. GAO protest must contend a violation of procurement statue or regulation.This protest often involve claims that the agency inappropriately applied evaluation factors, inappropriately conducted a cost/technical trade off, the awardees proposal is non-responsive, and the agency conducted improper discussions with the offerors. Grounds protested to the GAO are often found during debriefs. The offeror’s right to debriefs for negotiated procurements is addressed at FAR 15. 505 and 15. 506.Generally an offeror has 3 days to submit a written request for debrief. Timing in submitting your protest to the GAO is cruc ial whether you protest on the terms of solicitation or not receiving award on a contract. If you wait too long, you will lose your right to protest. The deadline for filing a GAO protests depends upon when the impropriety became readily understood. Protest grounds related to the terms of solicitation must be filed prior to the due date for bid opening.If protest is based upon the agency’s evaluation, it must be filed within 10 days if when the protester knew (or should have known) about the grounds for protest. If there is a right to debriefing and the protester requests such, the protest must be filed within 10 days if debriefing. Intended awardees of a contract that is the subject of a GAO protest have rights to intervene in the protest, this is important because it allows you the ability to monitor the protest and respond to the arguments made by the protestor. (agencyprotest. com)

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) Essay

People for Ethical Treatment of Animals recognizes the chair, salutes the delegates and it’s deeply honored to participate in this council with such a world pressing topic. People for Ethical Treatment of Animals deeply concerned by the millions of animals being locked up in laboratories across the world with unimaginable pain and suffering due to all the chemicals that are being tested on them by so called scientists for a later human use. Seeks the halt of all types of experimentation on living creatures whom are being used as nothing more than laboratory materials for reaserch wich most of the times provide misleading or incorrect results. We believe that every creature with a will to live has a right to live free from pain and suffering. PETA founder Ingrid Newkirk has said, â€Å"When it comes to pain, love, joy, loneliness, and fear, a rat is a pig is a dog is a boy. Each one values his or her life and fights the knife.† People for Ethical Treatment of Animals are completely, totally and irrefutably against animal testing for any kind of product or drugs.Further deploring for every nation to use alternative research methods and not animal testing. Ergo People for Ethical Treatment of Animals urgently requests that: * Having devoted attention to all the suffering animals go through by getting tested on, governments should start investing money in in vitro experimentation and research. Instead of spending it on animal testing. These methods should vigorously be promoted to all companies around the world. * Encourages people to get informed of what is going on with all the animal testing by having the 1,300 aprox. companies in our â€Å"Do not test† list make campaigns to invite other companies to join this list, and consumers to only use their cruelty free preoducts. Along with the publicity we (PETA) do. * Calls upon the countries to start banning products tested on animals and only allow cruelty free products, requesting more companies to start using non-animal methods in their research and production. People for Ethical Treatment of Animals trusts that a strong message will be issued from this committee and that action will be taken in order to strongly condemn product testing in animals.

Making A Successful And Thus A Good Team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Making A Successful And Thus A Good Team - Essay Example Mainly organizations understand that being principled is high-quality business performance and pays in the protracted run. To be moral needs taking care of others, which includes, consumers and staff, appropriately and moderately. An organization that is involved in expansion and profits must create dealings with customers and employees supported on faith. Development of the employer-employee affiliation is significant to both parties for quite a few motives (McShane & Glinow, 2004, Pp 415-417). Are you confronting your first team-building session Do you doubt what you will do How to start According to Biech (2001, Pg 72-73) Team building is an organization development involvement that provides teams an opportunity to silence in their daily work to examine what's working and what could be improved. The consultant's role in team building is one of process guide, not content expert. This article provides insight into that role. It helps the consultant understand the goals of team building and how it differs from team training. The activities and norms developed in team-building sessions are different but complementary to that characteristic of management-training and skill-building sessions. Concepts such as leadership styles, decision-making, communication patterns, motivation, competition, and morale are all relevant to the process of team development. Improved Communication The basis for almost any problem in any organization is usually communication. Good teamwork can widen the circle of communication. Teamwork goes a step beyond, however, and helps people understand each other's jobs and roles in the organization. This leads to an appreciation for colleagues and a desire to help make their jobs easier. Personal Satisfaction Team members generally report a sense of personal satisfaction. A team may provide a sense of security that allows individuals to take risks and make decisions that they would not make if they were working alone. This generally leads to growth for the organization as well as the individual. Because most of us spend about 25 percent of our lives at work, it should be a pleasant experience. Teamwork can lead the way to making work pleasurable by helping to develop personal relationships. In fact, you should not feel as if you are getting up to go to work, but instead that you are getting up to go to play each day! Clear Goals Clearly defined goals are essential so that everyone understands the purpose and vision of the team. You might be surprised at how many people do not know the reason they are doing the tasks that make up their jobs, much less what their team is doing. Everyone must be pulling in the same direction and be aware of the end goals. Clear goals help team members understand where the team is going. Clear goals help a team know when it has been successful by defining exactly what the team is doing and what it wants to

Psychology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Psychology - Research Paper Example He was devoted in the field of physiology and even won the 1904 Nobel Prize for his work in physiology (Martin, 1988). Even though Pavlov was never a psychologist and never wanted to be associated with psychology, he is one of the greatest contributors to the field of psychology. He came through most of his findings through experiments that he performed on animals such as dogs. One of his greatest contributions to the field of psychology is classical conditioning. This is one of the most useful discoveries in the field of psychology and most psychology students have to pass through it in their early years of study. While studying the digestive system of his dog, he noticed something that was very interesting and that led to the development of classical conditioning. He noticed that whenever his assistant entered the room, his dog would immediately start salivating. In the experiment, they started introducing different items to measure the level of salivation that the dog had. He later went on to note that salivation was an automatic response or reflex process (Prokasy, 1965). From the experiments and their outcomes, Pavlov was able to conclude that salivation was a response that could be learned. He noted that the dogs were responding to different stimuli that were presented to them just before food was delivered. They therefore learnt to connect these things with food. He noted that there was the salivary response which came when the dog was presented the food and the conditioning reflex that came when the dog was expecting food. After several experiments, he noted that there was a conditioned stimulus which was food for the dogs and the response which in this case was salivation. This discovery is still the most important discovery in the field of psychology. Apart from the fact that this discovery led to the formation of behavioral psychology, the discovery is used today in the treatment of some health issues as well as the modification of behavior